Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Translation01:31

Translation

157.1K
Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of...
157.1K
Translation01:31

Translation

17.9K
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life
Proteins are...
17.9K
Initiation of Translation02:33

Initiation of Translation

39.1K
Initiating translation is complex because it involves multiple molecules. Initiator tRNA, ribosomal subunits, and eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are all required to assemble on the initiation codon of mRNA. This process consists of several steps that are mediated by different eIFs.
First, the initiator tRNA must be selected from the pool of elongator tRNAs by eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2). The initiator tRNA (Met-tRNAi) has conserved sequence elements including modified bases at...
39.1K
Termination of Translation01:44

Termination of Translation

27.8K
The large ribosomal subunit has several important structures essential to translation. These include the peptidyl transferase center (PTC) - which is the site where the peptide bond is formed - and a large, internal, water-filled tube through which the nascent polypeptide moves. This latter structure is called the Peptide Exit Tunnel, and it begins at the PTC and spans the body of the large ribosomal subunit. During translation, as the nascent polypeptide chain is synthesized, it passes through...
27.8K
Termination of Translation01:44

Termination of Translation

6.8K
No description available
6.8K
Improving Translational Accuracy02:07

Improving Translational Accuracy

15.0K
Base complementarity between the three base pairs of mRNA codon and the tRNA anticodon is not a failsafe mechanism. Inaccuracies can range from a single mismatch to no correct base pairing at all. The free energy difference between the correct and nearly correct base pairs can be as small as 3 kcal/ mol. With complementarity being the only proofreading step, the estimated error frequency would be one wrong amino acid in every 100 amino acids incorporated. However, error frequencies observed in...
15.0K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Ribosomal frameshifting used in influenza A virus expression occurs within the sequence UCC_UUU_CGU and is in the +1 direction.

Open biology·2012
Same author

Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus contrasts with encephalomyocarditis and foot-and-mouth disease viruses in its functional utilization of the StopGo non-standard translation mechanism.

The Journal of general virology·2012
Same author

An overlapping protein-coding region in influenza A virus segment 3 modulates the host response.

Science (New York, N.Y.)·2012
Same author

Attenuation of an amino-terminal premature stop codon mutation in the ATRX gene by an alternative mode of translational initiation.

Journal of medical genetics·2004
Same author

Thermodynamic criteria for high hit rate antisense oligonucleotide design.

Nucleic acids research·2003
Same author

Thermodynamic calculations and statistical correlations for oligo-probes design.

Nucleic acids research·2003
Same journal

Lactate as a Chemical Modification on Proteins and Metabolites.

Annual review of biochemistry·2026
Same journal

Nucleocytoplasmic Transport.

Annual review of biochemistry·2026
Same journal

Packaging of Single-Stranded RNA in Viruses and Virus-Like Particles.

Annual review of biochemistry·2026
Same journal

Shaping of the Infant Gut Microbiome by Milk Oligosaccharides.

Annual review of biochemistry·2026
Same journal

Proteostasis Deregulation by Metabolism Drives the Hallmarks of Cancer.

Annual review of biochemistry·2026
Same journal

JoAnne Stubbe's Radical Path: A Story of Passion, Curiosity, and Persistence.

Annual review of biochemistry·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 10, 2026

Author Spotlight: Reprogramming Cancer Cells to iPSCs to Study Disease Progression and Treatment Targets
07:08

Author Spotlight: Reprogramming Cancer Cells to iPSCs to Study Disease Progression and Treatment Targets

Published on: February 2, 2024

1.5K

Recoding: dynamic reprogramming of translation

R F Gesteland1, J F Atkins

  • 1Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City 84112, USA.

Annual Review of Biochemistry
|January 1, 1996
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Gene recoding temporarily alters mRNA decoding rules using specific signals. This process includes frameshifting, altered codon meanings, and translation over coding gaps, expanding the genetic code's capabilities.

More Related Videos

Direct Reprogramming of Mouse Fibroblasts into Melanocytes
09:38

Direct Reprogramming of Mouse Fibroblasts into Melanocytes

Published on: August 27, 2021

2.5K
Kinetic Measurement and Real Time Visualization of Somatic Reprogramming
08:56

Kinetic Measurement and Real Time Visualization of Somatic Reprogramming

Published on: July 30, 2016

7.0K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 10, 2026

Author Spotlight: Reprogramming Cancer Cells to iPSCs to Study Disease Progression and Treatment Targets
07:08

Author Spotlight: Reprogramming Cancer Cells to iPSCs to Study Disease Progression and Treatment Targets

Published on: February 2, 2024

1.5K
Direct Reprogramming of Mouse Fibroblasts into Melanocytes
09:38

Direct Reprogramming of Mouse Fibroblasts into Melanocytes

Published on: August 27, 2021

2.5K
Kinetic Measurement and Real Time Visualization of Somatic Reprogramming
08:56

Kinetic Measurement and Real Time Visualization of Somatic Reprogramming

Published on: July 30, 2016

7.0K

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • A subset of genes across organisms utilizes mRNA recoding for gene expression.
  • Recoding involves temporary alterations to standard decoding rules, guided by mRNA sequence signals.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe and categorize the mechanisms of mRNA recoding.
  • To highlight how these recoding events expand the genetic code's repertoire and regulatory functions.

Main Methods:

  • Review and classification of known mRNA recoding mechanisms.
  • Analysis of specific examples including frameshifting, altered codon reassignment, and translation through coding gaps.

Main Results:

  • Identified three primary classes of mRNA recoding: frameshifting, altered codon meaning, and translation over coding gaps.
  • Frameshifting enables the production of multiple proteins from a single mRNA with overlapping open reading frames.
  • Specific stop codons can be reassigned to encode amino acids like selenocysteine, tryptophan, or glutamine.
  • Ribosomes can bypass or translate across mRNA coding gaps.

Conclusions:

  • These recoding mechanisms significantly expand the functional capacity of the genetic code.
  • mRNA recoding plays a crucial role in gene regulation across various organisms.