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Introduction to Electrolytes

Introduction to Electrolytes

In humans, electrolytes play a vital role in various physiological processes. Balancing electrolyte levels is essential for normal body functions; their imbalance can be life-threatening. The major electrolytes include sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, phosphate, and bicarbonate. They are primarily involved in physiological processes, such as nerve signal transmission, membrane trafficking, muscle contraction, buffering body fluids, and balancing water levels in the body.
Role of Sodium
One...

Bone Disorders

Bone Disorders

Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
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Hormones and Bone Tissue

Hormones and Bone Tissue

The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...

Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis

Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis

Calcium is not only the most abundant mineral in bone but also the most abundant mineral in the human body. Calcium ions are needed for bone mineralization, tooth health, heart rate regulation and strength of contraction, blood coagulation, the contraction of smooth and skeletal muscle cells, and the regulation of nerve impulse conduction. The average calcium level in the blood is about 10 mg/dL. When the body cannot maintain this level, a person will experience hypo or hypercalcemia.

Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin

Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin

Calcitonin, a vital polypeptide hormone, regulates calcium levels within body fluids. It is released by the parafollicular cells, also known as C cells, situated in the follicular epithelium of the thyroid gland. Calcitonin responds to fluctuations in blood calcium levels and the influence of gastrointestinal hormones like gastrin and cholecystokinin.
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Chronic Kidney Disease II: Clinical Manifestations

Chronic Kidney Disease II: Clinical Manifestations

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) progressively impairs multiple body systems due to the accumulation of uremic toxins, which disrupt cellular functions across various organs.Neurologic symptomsNeurologic symptoms often arise early in CKD, as uremic toxin buildup drives changes in cognitive and motor functions. Patients frequently experience fatigue, headache, confusion, difficulty concentrating, and, in severe cases, seizures. Peripheral neuropathy commonly manifests as burning sensations in the...

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Updated: Jul 15, 2026

Screening Ion Channels in Cancer Cells

Screening Ion Channels in Cancer Cells

Published on: June 16, 2023

Hypercalcemia and electrolyte disturbances in malignancy

Y M Barri¹, J P Knochel

¹Department of Medicine, Presbyterian Hospital of Dallas, Texas, USA.

Hematology/Oncology Clinics of North America

|August 1, 1996

Summary

Malignancy frequently causes hypercalcemia and electrolyte imbalances. This review covers the causes, symptoms, and treatments for these common metabolic issues in cancer patients.

Area of Science:

Oncology
Nephrology
Endocrinology

Background:

Hypercalcemia and electrolyte disturbances are frequent complications in patients with cancer.
These metabolic abnormalities can significantly impact patient morbidity and mortality.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the pathophysiology, clinical features, and management of hypercalcemia in malignancy.
To analyze associated electrolyte disturbances, including hyponatremia, hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, hypophosphatemia, and hyperkalemia.

Main Methods:

Literature review and synthesis of existing knowledge on malignancy-associated metabolic abnormalities.
Discussion of diagnostic criteria and therapeutic strategies for hypercalcemia and electrolyte imbalances.

Main Results:

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Screening Ion Channels in Cancer Cells

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Oncogene Expression Analysis with Alterations in pH in a Pancreatic Ductal Cell Line

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Hypercalcemia is the most common metabolic abnormality in cancer patients.
Commonly associated electrolyte disturbances include hyponatremia, hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, hypophosphatemia, and hyperkalemia.

Conclusions:

Prompt recognition and management of hypercalcemia and electrolyte disturbances are crucial for optimal care of patients with cancer.
Addressing these metabolic complications can improve patient outcomes and quality of life.