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Hyperkinetic or attention deficit disorder

S Sandberg1

  • 1Child & Family Consultation Service, Royal London Hospital, Whitechapel.

The British Journal of Psychiatry : the Journal of Mental Science
|July 1, 1996
PubMed
Summary

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is common in childhood, particularly in young males. Its causes involve biological and environmental factors, and effective management requires a combined approach, though outcomes remain unpredictable.

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Area of Science:

  • Childhood developmental disorders
  • Neurodevelopmental disorders
  • Psychiatry

Background:

  • Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent childhood condition.
  • Growing empirical knowledge necessitates updated syntheses for clinicians.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an up-to-date synthesis of current knowledge on ADHD.
  • To inform practicing clinicians on the condition's epidemiology, causes, and management.

Main Methods:

  • Selective review of epidemiological, experimental, and clinical studies from the past decade.

Main Results:

  • ADHD is common, affecting young school-age males most frequently; prevalence varies by criteria.
  • High overlap exists with conduct disorder.
  • Causes are multifactorial, involving biological (genetic, neurochemical) and environmental factors, with higher biological risk in severely hyperactive girls.
  • Effective management integrates pharmacological, psychological, and educational strategies.
  • Outcomes and long-term psychosocial adaptation are often uncertain.

Conclusions:

  • ADHD stems from biological vulnerabilities (often genetic) interacting with environmental disadvantages.
  • It can be viewed as a self-regulation disorder linked to early caregiver-child interactions and attachment disruptions.

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