Technological advances in implantable cardioverter-defibrillators before the year 2000 and beyond

The implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) has evolved rapidly since its clinical introduction; product life cycles have been exceedingly short. This swift transition from early shock-only devices to small, programmable, tiered-therapy systems has been driven by 2 major factors: minimally invasive implant procedures and technological innovation. Yet, while many new ICD systems have been introduced recently, even more advanced products are on the horizon before the year 2000 and beyond. In general, devices will be smaller and smarter. Certainly, ICD volume will be further reduced without detrimentally affecting longevity. Endocardial lead systems will become smaller and more versatile. Rhythm discrimination algorithms will become more effective. New adaptive-rate pacing systems that limit the maximum paced rate based on hemodynamic indices will become features of tachyarrhythmia products. Pacing schemes for prevention of supraventricular tachyarrhythmias and improvement of hemodynamic function in patients with congestive heart failure will likely be introduced for clinical evaluation.