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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 14, 2026

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Neural Correlates of Emotion Regulation

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Neural Correlates of Emotion Regulation

Published on: August 26, 2011

The expression of anger and its consequences

J L Deffenbacher¹, E R Oetting, R S Lynch

¹Department of Psychology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523, USA.

Behaviour Research and Therapy

|July 1, 1996

Summary

This study identified seven new anger expression styles beyond Anger-In and Anger-Control. Aggressive anger expression methods correlate with trait anger and negative consequences, unlike non-aggressive styles.

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Area of Science:

Psychology
Social Psychology

Background:

Spielberger's Anger-In and Anger-Control are established dimensions of anger expression.
Understanding diverse anger expression styles is crucial for psychological assessment and intervention.

Purpose of the Study:

To identify and validate distinct forms of anger expression using cluster analysis.
To examine the relationships between different anger expression styles, trait anger, and anger consequences.

Main Methods:

Cluster analysis of 59 anger expression items.
Correlational analyses to examine relationships between expression styles, trait anger, and consequences.
Comparison of anger expression and consequences between genders.

Main Results:

Seven new anger expression forms were identified: Noisy Arguing, Verbal Assault, Physical Assault-People, Physical Assault-Objects, Reciprocal Communication, Time Out, and Direct Expression.
Aggressive styles correlated positively with trait anger and negatively with non-aggressive styles.
Specific expression styles showed distinct correlations with anger consequences (e.g., Physical Assault-People with physical altercations).
Males predominantly used aggressive styles and experienced more physical/verbal fights and property damage.

Conclusions:

The study expands the understanding of anger expression beyond existing models.
Findings support the convergent and discriminant validity of the identified anger expression forms.
Results have implications for anger assessment, treatment strategies, and future research directions.