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A guide to constructs of control

E A Skinner1

  • 1Psychology Department, Portland State University, Oregon 97207-0751, USA. ellen@ch1.ch.pdx.edu

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
|September 1, 1996
PubMed
Summary
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This study introduces a new framework to organize diverse concepts of control, distinguishing between objective, subjective, and experienced control, and their agents, means, and ends. It clarifies over 100 control-related terms for better research and application.

Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Social Psychology
  • Behavioral Science

Background:

  • The concept of 'control' is multifaceted and lacks a unified organizational structure.
  • Numerous terms related to control exist, leading to conceptual ambiguity and research challenges.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop an integrative framework for organizing heterogeneous constructs of control.
  • To analyze and clarify over 100 terms associated with control using the proposed framework.

Main Methods:

  • The framework is built on two fundamental distinctions: (a) objective, subjective, and experienced control, and (b) agents, means, and ends of control.
  • Analysis of over 100 terms, including sense of control, proxy control, and primary control, within the integrative framework.

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Main Results:

  • The framework distinguishes between perceived control, objective control conditions (e.g., contingency), antecedents (e.g., choice), consequences (e.g., secondary control), and motivational sources (e.g., mastery, autonomy).
  • Many terms were found to reflect aspects of perceived control, while others map to objective conditions or motivational factors.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed framework offers a systematic way to organize the complex domain of control.
  • It has implications for refining theories, improving measurement tools, guiding research, and informing interventions related to control.