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Related Concept Videos

Autoimmune Disorders01:29

Autoimmune Disorders

Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
Concept and Mechanism of Autoimmune Diseases
The immune system...
Gastritis-II: Pathophysiology01:17

Gastritis-II: Pathophysiology

Gastritis is marked by disruption of the mucosal barrier that usually protects the stomach tissue from digestive juices and manifests in acute and chronic forms.
In acute gastritis, the gastric mucosa becomes swollen and red and undergoes superficial erosion. Superficial ulceration may lead to bleeding.
In chronic gastritis, persistent or repeated insults lead to chronic inflammatory changes and, eventually, thinning or atrophy of the gastric tissue.
Gastritis can stem from various causes, each...
Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver. The...
Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction01:28

Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction

Viral hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver caused by infection with hepatotropic viruses, most commonly hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Despite variations in structure and transmission, all viruses mentioned infect hepatocytes and provoke immune responses that can hinder liver function. Additionally, some non-hepatotropic viruses can also lead to hepatic inflammation.Hepatitis A VirusHepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted through the fecal–oral route, typically by ingestion of food...
Cirrhosis I: Introduction01:23

Cirrhosis I: Introduction

Cirrhosis is a chronic, irreversible liver disease characterized by the widespread replacement of healthy liver tissue with fibrotic scar tissue and the formation of regenerative nodules.Etiology of cirrhosisCirrhosis results from sustained liver injury that triggers progressive fibrosis and structural remodeling. The underlying causes are diverse, encompassing common and less frequent clinical conditions. Regardless of the origin, all causes lead to chronic inflammation, hepatocyte loss, and...
Cirrhosis II: Pathophysiology01:24

Cirrhosis II: Pathophysiology

Cirrhosis is a progressive chronic liver injury caused by prolonged inflammation, excessive fibrotic remodeling, and impaired regeneration. Over time, repeated hepatic insults disrupt the liver’s architecture and function, leading to reduced blood flow, impaired bile drainage, and diminished metabolic capacity.Pathophysiology of cirrhosisCirrhosis arises from three main responses to chronic liver damage: inflammation, immune activation, and hepatocyte death. These processes lead to structural...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 16, 2026

The CYP2D6 Animal Model: How to Induce Autoimmune Hepatitis in Mice
09:03

The CYP2D6 Animal Model: How to Induce Autoimmune Hepatitis in Mice

Published on: February 3, 2012

Hepatitis C infection and autoimmunity

A L Eddleston1

  • 1Institute of Liver Studies, King's College School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK.

Journal of Hepatology
|January 1, 1996
PubMed
Summary

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is associated with autoimmune liver diseases, particularly in Southern Europe. Distinguishing between HCV and autoimmune hepatitis is crucial for effective treatment, as therapies can conflict.

Area of Science:

  • Hepatology
  • Immunology
  • Virology

Background:

  • Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection has been linked to autoimmune liver diseases and other autoimmune conditions.
  • Early diagnostic tests for HCV antibodies were non-specific, leading to confusion with autoimmune hepatitis.
  • Geographic variations in Europe show higher associations between HCV and autoimmune liver diseases in the south compared to the north.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To clarify the true associations between HCV infection and autoimmune liver diseases.
  • To investigate specific subgroups of autoimmune hepatitis, particularly those associated with liver/kidney microsomal antigen antibodies (cytochrome P450 2D6).
  • To explore the clinical implications and treatment challenges when HCV infection co-exists with autoimmune hepatitis.

Main Methods:

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  • Analysis of European survey data on HCV and autoimmune liver disease prevalence.
  • Subgroup analysis of autoimmune hepatitis patients, focusing on those with liver/kidney microsomal antigen antibodies.
  • Review of clinical reports and treatment outcomes for co-infected patients.

Main Results:

  • True associations between HCV and autoimmune liver diseases exist, with higher prevalence in Southern Europe.
  • Distinct subgroups of autoimmune hepatitis were identified, including one driven by HCV infection in older patients.
  • HCV infection shows a lower incidence of periportal hepatitis compared to other viral hepatitis types.
  • HCV infection is a significant driver for conditions like cryoglobulinemia, responding to interferon treatment.

Conclusions:

  • Hepatitis C virus infection is genuinely associated with autoimmune liver diseases, with significant geographic variation.
  • Differentiating between HCV infection and co-existing autoimmune hepatitis is clinically important due to conflicting treatment strategies.
  • Interferon therapy for HCV can trigger autoimmune hepatitis relapse, while steroids for autoimmune hepatitis may promote HCV replication.