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Differences between studies in reported relative risks associated with smoking: an overview

P J van de Mheen1, L J Gunning-Schepers

  • 1Academic Medical Center, Institute of Social Medicine, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. <p.j.vandemheen@amc.uva.nl>

Public Health Reports (Washington, D.C. : 1974)
|September 1, 1996
PubMed
Summary

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Differences in reported relative risks for smoking-related diseases are likely due to research methods, not biological variations. Careful study selection can justify using existing relative risks for population health assessments.

Area of Science:

  • Epidemiology
  • Public Health
  • Biostatistics

Background:

  • Reported relative risks for smoking-associated diseases vary across studies.
  • These variations may stem from true biological differences or research artifacts.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review literature on relative risks of smoking for major diseases.
  • To quantify the impact of factors like smoking amount and duration on reported risks.
  • To identify reasons for discrepancies in relative risk estimates.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies published before June 1992.
  • Quantification of the effect of age, smoking amount, and duration on relative risks.
  • Analysis of potential research artifacts influencing risk estimates.
Keywords:
BehaviorComparative StudiesDemographic FactorsDeveloped CountriesError SourcesHealthLiterature ReviewMeasurementPopulationPopulation DynamicsResearch MethodologySmokingStudiesTime Factors

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Main Results:

  • Key reasons for variation include misclassification of former smokers, use of mortality vs. incidence ratios, period effects, and differing smoking amounts.
  • These methodological factors are more probable causes of variation than biological differences.
  • Relative risks from carefully selected studies are justifiable for population attributable risk calculations.

Conclusions:

  • Observed variations in smoking-related relative risks are primarily research artifacts.
  • Methodological rigor in study selection is crucial for reliable population attributable risk estimation.
  • Future research should account for amount smoked and period effects to minimize bias.