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Related Concept Videos

Gastritis-II: Pathophysiology01:17

Gastritis-II: Pathophysiology

Gastritis is marked by disruption of the mucosal barrier that usually protects the stomach tissue from digestive juices and manifests in acute and chronic forms.
In acute gastritis, the gastric mucosa becomes swollen and red and undergoes superficial erosion. Superficial ulceration may lead to bleeding.
In chronic gastritis, persistent or repeated insults lead to chronic inflammatory changes and, eventually, thinning or atrophy of the gastric tissue.
Gastritis can stem from various causes, each...
Gastritis III: Clinical Manifestations and Management01:23

Gastritis III: Clinical Manifestations and Management

The clinical manifestations of gastritis can vary depending on the cause and type of gastritis, but some common symptoms may include the following.
Clinical manifestations of acute gastritis
The patient with acute gastritis may have a rapid onset of symptoms, such as epigastric pain or discomfort, dyspepsia, anorexia, hiccups, or nausea and vomiting, which can last from a few hours to a few days. Erosive or hemorrhagic gastritis may cause bleeding, which may manifest as blood in vomit or as...
Diabetic Nephropathy01:28

Diabetic Nephropathy

Definition Diabetic nephropathy is a chronic kidney complication that results from prolonged hyperglycemia.Prevalence It is the most common cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) worldwide, affecting up to half of individuals with diabetes.Pathophysiology • Sustained hyperglycemia triggers multiple hemodynamic and metabolic changes in the kidney. • Early in the disease, increased renal blood flow and glomerular hyperfiltration occur due to afferent arteriolar...
Gastritis II: Pathophysiology01:26

Gastritis II: Pathophysiology

The pathophysiology of gastritis begins with the colonization of the stomach lining by Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori). This bacterium spreads mainly via the oral-oral route through saliva or shared utensils, and can also be transmitted in overcrowded or unhygienic environments through contaminated water, despite its brief survival outside the body.ColonizationOnce ingested, H. pylori enters the stomach and begins colonization by navigating through the mucus layer lining the stomach wall. It...
Peptic Ulcer Disease III: Clinical Manifestations and Complications01:25

Peptic Ulcer Disease III: Clinical Manifestations and Complications

Duodenal UlcersDuodenal ulcers are the most common form of peptic ulcer disease, presenting with chronic, intermittent epigastric pain. Pain typically appears 2–3 hours after meals, especially when the stomach is empty, often waking patients at night. It is characteristically relieved by food or antacids (“pain–food–relief”). Some patients remain asymptomatic until complications like bleeding or perforation emerge, particularly with NSAID or anticoagulant use.Gastric UlcersGastric ulcers share...
Portal Hypertension01:22

Portal Hypertension

Portal hypertension is an increase in blood pressure within the portal venous system. Normally, this pressure is less than 5 mmHg. It is considered clinically significant when it rises above 10 mmHg. At this threshold, complications from altered blood flow and venous congestion emerge.EtiologyPortal hypertension arises from conditions that impede blood flow through the liver. The most common cause is cirrhosis, in which chronic liver injury leads to fibrotic scarring. This fibrosis narrows or...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 21, 2026

Invasive Hemodynamic Characterization of the Portal-hypertensive Syndrome in Cirrhotic Rats
09:37

Invasive Hemodynamic Characterization of the Portal-hypertensive Syndrome in Cirrhotic Rats

Published on: August 1, 2018

Portal hypertensive gastropathy

H H Trevino1, C E Brady, S Schenker

  • 1Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, USA.

Digestive Diseases (Basel, Switzerland)
|July 1, 1996
PubMed
Summary

Portal hypertensive gastropathy (PHG) causes gastric bleeding in chronic liver disease patients. Propranolol shows promise in controlling severe PHG bleeding, alongside shunt procedures.

Area of Science:

  • Gastroenterology
  • Hepatology
  • Internal Medicine

Background:

  • Portal hypertensive gastropathy (PHG) is a complication of chronic liver disease and portal hypertension (PHTN).
  • Endoscopic findings include a mosaic-like pattern and red marks, indicative of potential gastric bleeding.
  • Severe PHG is the form most likely to cause hemorrhage.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the pathogenesis of PHG and hemodynamic changes in PHTN.
  • To identify effective management strategies for bleeding PHG.
  • To evaluate the efficacy of propranolol and surgical interventions.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on PHG and PHTN.
  • Analysis of endoscopic findings and bleeding sources.

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Measurement of the Hepatic Venous Pressure Gradient and Transjugular Liver Biopsy
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Measurement of the Hepatic Venous Pressure Gradient and Transjugular Liver Biopsy

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Transmesenteric Laparoscopic Pyeloplasty in Trendelenburg Position for Horseshoe Kidney with Hydronephrosis
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Transmesenteric Laparoscopic Pyeloplasty in Trendelenburg Position for Horseshoe Kidney with Hydronephrosis

Published on: July 8, 2025

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Last Updated: Jul 21, 2026

Invasive Hemodynamic Characterization of the Portal-hypertensive Syndrome in Cirrhotic Rats
09:37

Invasive Hemodynamic Characterization of the Portal-hypertensive Syndrome in Cirrhotic Rats

Published on: August 1, 2018

Measurement of the Hepatic Venous Pressure Gradient and Transjugular Liver Biopsy
07:10

Measurement of the Hepatic Venous Pressure Gradient and Transjugular Liver Biopsy

Published on: June 18, 2020

Transmesenteric Laparoscopic Pyeloplasty in Trendelenburg Position for Horseshoe Kidney with Hydronephrosis
03:57

Transmesenteric Laparoscopic Pyeloplasty in Trendelenburg Position for Horseshoe Kidney with Hydronephrosis

Published on: July 8, 2025

  • Evaluation of treatment outcomes for propranolol, TIPS, and shunt procedures.

    • Main Results:

    • Chronic increase in portal pressure is essential for PHG development.
    • Altered endogenous vasodilator and vasoconstrictor activity may contribute to circulatory disturbances.
    • H2 receptor antagonists and sucralfate are ineffective for bleeding PHG.
    • Propranolol demonstrated effectiveness in arresting mucosal hemorrhage in small studies.

    Conclusions:

    • PHG management requires addressing underlying portal hypertension.
    • Propranolol is a potential therapeutic option for severe bleeding PHG.
    • Transjugular intrahepatic portal-systemic shunt (TIPS) and portal-systemic shunt procedures are alternative interventions.