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Cortical electrical stimulation in humans. The negative motor areas
H O Lüders1, D S Dinner, H H Morris
1Department of Neurology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Ohio 44195, USA.
Advances in Neurology
|January 1, 1995
Summary
This study identifies two negative motor areas in humans and animals crucial for planning voluntary movements. Evidence suggests these areas, including Broca's area, are involved in motor preparation and fine movement control.
Area of Science:
- Neuroscience
- Motor Control
- Human and Animal Studies
Background:
- Two
- negative motor areas
Purpose of the Study:
- To present evidence for two negative motor areas in humans and review animal studies.
- To explore the role of these areas in the planning and preparation of voluntary movements.
- To investigate the mechanisms underlying negative motor phenomena.
Main Methods:
- Human studies presenting evidence for negative motor areas.
- Review of animal experimental literature (histological, physiological, electrical stimulation studies).
- Analysis of mechanisms generating negative motor phenomena (silent period, negative motor effect, corticoreticulospinal pathways).
Main Results:
- Evidence presented for two negative motor areas in humans involved in voluntary motor planning.
- Animal studies reveal homologous frontal regions (areas F5 and F6) essential for motor preparation.
- Three mechanisms identified for cortical stimulation generating negative motor phenomena: silent period, negative motor effect, and corticoreticulospinal pathways.
Conclusions:
- The identified negative motor areas in humans and animals (F5, F6) are critical for motor planning and preparation.
- Broca's area likely evolved from area F5, specializing in speech-related fine motor planning.
- Understanding these mechanisms provides insights into motor control, fine movement tuning, and epileptic phenomena like negative myoclonus and atonic seizures.