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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 29, 2026

A Hormone-responsive 3D Culture Model of the Human Mammary Gland Epithelium
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Hormones and psychosexual differentiation

G Giordano1, M Giusti

  • 1DISEM, Cattedra di Endocrinologia, Genova.

Minerva Endocrinologica
|September 1, 1995
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hormonal factors, not just environment, significantly influence male gender identity and sexual orientation. This review suggests androgens in the central nervous system (CNS) play a key role in homosexuality and transsexualism.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroendocrinology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Psychosexual Medicine

Background:

  • Male phenotype relies on concordant chromosomal, gonadal, and hormonal sex.
  • Hormonal sex is determined by gonadal development, hormone production, and target tissue response.
  • Psychosexual orientation in males is influenced by sex hormones, challenging environmental determinism.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review biological and hormonal data on homosexuality and transsexualism.
  • To explore the role of hormonal factors in the central nervous system (CNS) concerning gender identity.
  • To investigate the hypothesis of androgen deficiency in the CNS of male homosexuals.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of biological and hormonal studies.
  • Analysis of experimental and clinical data on sexual orientation.
  • Examination of CNS-level hormonal influences on gender identity.

Main Results:

  • Data suggest potential androgen deficiency in the CNS of male homosexuals.
  • Anomalies in androgen action within the CNS may contribute to gender identity dissociation in transsexualism.
  • Hormonal factors are implicated in the development of gender identity.

Conclusions:

  • Hormonal factors, including gonadal and adrenal hormones, receptors, and neurosteroids, are critical in gender identity formation.
  • Environmental factors are less dominant than previously believed in determining male gender identity and role.
  • Further research into biological influences on sexual orientation abnormalities is warranted.