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Laser induced bubble formation in the retina

B S Gerstman¹, C R Thompson, S L Jacques

¹Department of Physics, Florida International University, Miami 33199, USA.

Lasers in Surgery and Medicine

|January 1, 1996

Summary

Laser pulses can cause retinal damage by forming bubbles in the retinal pigment epithelium. This bubble formation occurs at lower fluences than thermal damage for short pulse durations.

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Area of Science:

Ophthalmology
Biophysics
Laser-Retina Interactions

Background:

Retinal damage from laser exposure is a significant concern.
The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is particularly susceptible due to melanosome absorption.

Purpose of the Study:

To theoretically investigate the immediate thermodynamic effects of laser pulse absorption in the retina.
To understand the physical damage mechanisms at threshold laser fluences.

Main Methods:

Modeling the RPE as an aqueous environment with melanosome-like absorption sites.
Analyzing negligible heat conduction for laser pulses < 10^-6 seconds.
Calculating bubble formation size based on pulse characteristics and melanosome properties.

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Main Results:

Developed expressions to quantify bubble size resulting from laser absorption.
Demonstrated bubble formation at laser fluences below those causing thermal damage (Arrhenius-type) for pulse durations between 10^-6 and 10^-9 seconds.

Conclusions:

Bubble formation is identified as the probable threshold damage mechanism in the retina for laser pulses in the 10^-6 to 10^-9 second duration range.
This finding highlights a critical non-thermal damage pathway.