Clinical/biological outcomes of treatment for pericoronitis

This prospective clinical study was designed to determine the clinical and biologic outcomes of treatment for minor signs and symptoms of pericoronitis.

Patients (n = 20) with all third molars, presenting consecutively to an academic clinical center for treatment of minor signs and symptoms of pericoronitis, were enrolled in the study. At the initial visit, gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) samples to assess levels of the cytokines interleukin- 1b (IL-1b) IL-1b and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) as a measure of the host inflammatory response, and plaque samples to identify microorganisms, were collected from the distal of all second molars and the mesial of first molars. Standardized vertical bite wing radiographs were taken to assess alveolar bone height on the distal of the second molars and the inclination and the degree of eruption of the third molar. Full-mouth periodontal probing was conducted to determine probing depths and relative clinical attachment levels (CAL). Pain levels were assessed with Gracely verbal descriptor scales for sensory intensity and unpleasantness and 10-cm visual analog scales. Symptomatic third molar sites were treated with local debridement and irrigation after baseline data collection. One week after entry, data were collected again. Subsequently, the patients were scheduled for removal of all third molars. Data collection was repeated 3 months postsurgery. As controls, data were collected from 12 subjects who had asymptomatic third molars removed previously.

At entry, symptomatic mandibular third molars (n = 21) were mostly vertical (n = 18) and at or above the occlusal plane (n = 19). No maxillary teeth had symptoms. Microbial counts were elevated for specific anaerobic microorganisms. GCF IL-1b levels were elevated at the distal of second molars adjacent to symptomatic third molars, as compared with asymptomatic third molars and second molars in control patients. Alveolar bone levels and CAL on the distal of second molars were normal. At 1 week, patients' pain symptoms and IL-1b levels were reduced, but microbial counts remained high. Three months after surgery, patients had no pain symptoms, and alveolar bone levels and CAL were similar to entry levels. IL-1b levels were elevated at both the distal of second molars and the mesial of first molars for all patients; microbial counts decreased, although not to levels of control patients. No increase in microbial counts for Porphyromonas gingivalis or Bacteroides forsythus, or GCF PGE2 levels, risk factors for progressive periodontal disease, was detected in samples taken from the study patients.

Pericoronitis expressed by minor signs/symptoms in these patients was associated with considerable discomfort. Symptomatic mandibular third molars were vertical and at or near the occlusal plane. Additionally, this condition was characterized by microbial flora and GCF inflammatory mediator levels that are more consistent with gingivitis than periodontitis. Removal of third molars eliminated symptoms, but the microbial burden and an affected patient's inflammatory response, as measured by IL-1b levels, remained elevated as compared with controls. Further study is needed to determine which of these factors can be used to identify patients at risk for pericoronitis before symptoms arise.