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Four-hour voiding observation in healthy infants
G Holmdahl1, E Hanson, M Hanson
1Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden.
Insights
The 4-hour voiding observation is a simple, noninvasive method to assess bladder function in infants. This technique helps identify potential emptying difficulties in young children not yet toilet trained.
Area of Science:
- Pediatric Urology
- Infant Physiology
- Bladder Function Assessment
Background:
- Assessing bladder function in infants and nontoilet trained children presents unique challenges.
- Noninvasive methods are crucial for pediatric evaluations to minimize discomfort and ensure accurate data collection.
Purpose of the Study:
- To introduce and validate the 4-hour voiding observation as a basic assessment tool for bladder function in infants and nontoilet trained children.
- To establish a reliable, noninvasive method for characterizing voiding patterns in this population.
Main Methods:
- A 4-hour noninvasive observation was conducted on 43 healthy infants.
- Key parameters measured included the number of voidings, voided volume, bladder capacity, and residual urine volume.
Main Results:
- Infants exhibited an average voiding frequency of once per hour, with considerable individual variability.
- Bladder capacity demonstrated a positive correlation with age, following the formula: 38 + 2.5 x age (months).
- Mean residual urine was 4.6 ± 3.0 ml, with all infants achieving residual volumes below 5 ml at least once during the observation period.
Conclusions:
- The 4-hour voiding observation provides an accessible and noninvasive approach to evaluating infant bladder function.
- This method is particularly useful for identifying potential issues with bladder emptying in infants and nontoilet trained children.
Purpose:
We present the 4-hour voiding observation as a method for basic assessment of bladder function in infants and nontoilet trained children.
Materials And Methods:
Voiding pattern, including number of voidings, voided volume, bladder capacity and residual urine for 4 hours, was determined noninvasively in 43 healthy infants.
Results:
The infants voided an average of 1 time per hour but with great variability. Bladder capacity increased with age according to the formula, 38 + 2.5 x age (months). Mean residual urine plus or minus standard deviation was 4.6 +/- 3.0 ml. In all infants residual volume was less than 5 ml. at least once during observation.
Conclusions:
The 4-hour voiding observation is an easy noninvasive method of characterizing the voiding pattern, focusing especially on emptying difficulties, in infants and nontoilet trained children.