Historical overview of computerized behavioral testing of humans in neurotoxicology

Since the early 1970s, when they became more accessible, computers have been used increasingly for behavior measurement over a wide range of purposes, including the detection of neurotoxic effects. Over these relatively few years, the number of computerized tests in use in neurotoxicology has grown from one or two to around 16 major batteries. The development of computerized tests in neurotoxicology has been influenced by a number of drives or influences. Some of these influences have included the push for computerizing traditional paper-and-pencil tests, the moves to develop a standard or core test battery, the emphasis on culture-free tests, and on the pragmatic screening approach to test selection. Lately, there has been more emphasis on the development of tests with stability and reliability. These influences have made, and are still making, some impact on the directions of test and test battery construction. The nature and degree of impact will be discussed in the context of analyzing the development of computerized behavioral testing to its current state.