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Updated: Aug 11, 2026

Subcutaneous Trigeminal Nerve Field Stimulation for Refractory Facial Pain
Published on: May 10, 2017
Complex regional pain syndrome
1Department of Podiatric Surgery, Oakwood Hospital Downriver Center, Lincoln Park, MI 48146, USA.
Abstract:
Reflex sympathetic dystrophy is a complex progressive and potentially devastating condition generally affecting the extremities. Because clinical presentation is variable, diagnosis can be difficult. Recently, the Special interest Group of Pain and the Sympathetic Nervous System of the International Association for the Study of Pain developed a new taxonomy to help acknowledge and differentiate the features of reflex sympathetic dystrophy and causalgia. These are categorized under the heading of complex regional pain syndrome. Sympathetically maintained pain is also recognized as a separate component to this group of conditions. The authors present this new taxonomy and present cases of each condition.
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