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Reduction of isoflurane minimal alveolar concentration by remifentanil
1Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.
Background:
Remifentanil is a new micro-specific opioid receptor agonist currently under investigation. The interaction between opioids and volatile anesthetics is complex. Defining this interaction provides a basis for more rational dosing schemes when such combinations are used for anesthesia and allows the anesthetic potency of remifentanil relative to other opioids to be determined.
Methods:
Two centers enrolled a total of 220 patients. Patients were randomized to receive a target concentration of remifentanil via a computer-assisted continuous infusion device of either 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 4.0, 8.0, 16.0, and 32.0 ng/ml initiated before the administration of isoflurane. Patients were also stratified by groups 18-30, 31-55, and 56-65 yr. After induction of anesthesia with isoflurane the initial patient in each dose group was assigned an age-adjusted isoflurane concentration. The isoflurane concentration for each subsequent patient was adjusted according to the up/down technique until a minimum of 12 patients were enrolled in each group. Arterial blood samples for remifentanil whole blood concentrations were obtained. The patient was observed for purposeful movement for up to 1 min after skin incision. The minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of isoflurane (0 ng/ml remifentanil group) and MAC reduction of isoflurane by remifentanil were determined.
Results:
The MAC of isoflurane alone was 1.3%. Remifentanil caused an exponential reduction in the MAC of isoflurane with 1.37 ng/ml remifentanil a 77% reduction and 32 ng/ml a 91% reduction of isoflurane MAC.
Conclusion:
The MAC reduction of isoflurane by remifentanil is similar to that produced by other opioids. Although remifentanil was given at extremely high concentrations in the absence of isoflurane, it did not provide adequate anesthesia. A 50% isoflurane MAC reduction is produced by 1.37 ng/ml remifentanil whole blood concentration compared to previously published plasma concentrations of fentanyl of 1.67 ng/ml or sufentanil of 0.14 ng/ml.
Insights
Remifentanil significantly reduces the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of isoflurane, similar to other opioids. This opioid agonist shows potential for anesthesia but requires volatile agents for adequate effect.
Area of Science:
- Anesthesiology
- Pharmacology
- Pain Management
Background:
- Remifentanil is a novel micro-specific opioid receptor agonist.
- Understanding opioid-volatile anesthetic interactions is crucial for rational anesthesia dosing.
- Determining remifentanil's relative anesthetic potency is essential.
Purpose of the Study:
- To define the interaction between remifentanil and isoflurane.
- To quantify the anesthetic potency of remifentanil relative to other opioids.
- To establish rational dosing schemes for combined anesthesia.
Main Methods:
- 220 patients were randomized to receive varying concentrations of remifentanil via continuous infusion.
- The up/down technique was used to determine isoflurane MAC reduction.
- Patient age was stratified into three groups (18-30, 31-55, 56-65 yr).
Main Results:
- Remifentanil caused an exponential reduction in isoflurane MAC.
- A remifentanil concentration of 1.37 ng/ml reduced isoflurane MAC by 77%.
- A concentration of 32 ng/ml reduced isoflurane MAC by 91%.
Conclusions:
- Remifentanil's MAC reduction of isoflurane is comparable to other opioids.
- Remifentanil alone did not provide adequate anesthesia, even at high concentrations.
- A 50% MAC reduction was achieved with 1.37 ng/ml remifentanil whole blood concentration.