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Ryanodine receptor Ca2+ release channels: does diversity in form equal diversity in function?

J L Sutko1, J A Airey

  • 1Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, USA.

Physiological Reviews
|October 1, 1996
PubMed
Summary

This review explores the diverse ryanodine receptor (RyR) calcium channels, focusing on why multiple RyR isoforms are needed for calcium signaling, especially in skeletal muscles, and their role in muscle development.

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Area of Science:

  • Cellular Biology
  • Molecular Physiology
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Eukaryotic calcium signaling relies on diverse proteins, including the ryanodine receptor (RyR) family of intracellular calcium release channels.
  • Multiple RyR isoforms are often coexpressed within the same cell type, a phenomenon first observed in nonmammalian vertebrate skeletal muscles.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the distribution, activation, deactivation, and inactivation mechanisms of RyR calcium release channels.
  • To investigate the functional significance of coexpressed RyR isoforms, particularly in vertebrate fast-twitch skeletal muscles.
  • To explore the roles of RyR isoforms in embryonic skeletal muscle development.

Main Methods:

  • This is a review article, synthesizing existing research on ryanodine receptors.

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  • It examines species, tissue, and cellular distributions of RyRs.
  • Mechanisms of RyR activation, deactivation, and inactivation are discussed.

    • Main Results:

    • The coexpression of multiple RyR isoforms is common across various cell types.
    • The precise functional roles of coexpressed RyR isoforms in generating intracellular calcium transients remain largely unknown.
    • Understanding the necessity of multiple RyRs in tissues like skeletal muscle, where calcium dynamics seem straightforward, is a key focus.

    Conclusions:

    • The functional diversity of RyR isoforms is crucial for complex calcium signaling.
    • Further research is needed to elucidate the specific contributions of each RyR isoform to cellular functions and development.
    • The review highlights the importance of studying RyR isoform coexpression for a comprehensive understanding of calcium regulation.