Training of a cardiologist in the United States

Cardiology training in the United States has been evolving into well organized programs aiming at providing comprehensive education in all areas of cardiology--invasive, non-invasive, clinical, and research. Changes in the overall healthcare system are being reflected in more intensive training of fewer cardiologists who will function as consultants and directors of cardiology care. In this paper, trends in cardiology training programs in the United States, and in our own institution in particular, are described and discussed.