Maximum isometric moments generated by the wrist muscles in flexion-extension and radial-ulnar deviation

Maximum isometric and passive moments about the wrist were measured for a range of flexion-extension and radial-ulnar deviation angles in 10 healthy adult males. Each subject was seated in a test apparatus with his shoulder abducted 90 degrees, elbow flexed 90 degrees, and body and forearm constrained. Peak flexion moments ranged from 5.2 to 18.7 N m (mean = 12.2, SD = 3.7), while peak extension moments ranged from 3.4 to 9.4 N m (mean = 7.1, SD = 2.1). The average flexion moment peaked at 40 degrees of flexion, whereas the average extension moment was relatively constant from 30 degrees flexion to 70 degrees extension. Peak moments generated by the radial and ulnar deviators ranged from 7.9 to 15.3 N m (mean = 11.0, SD = 2.0) and 5.9 to 11.9 N m (mean = 9.5, SD = 2.2), respectively. Passive moments in flexion-extension were near zero in the central 150 degrees of motion, but increased at the end of the range of motion. The average passive moment was 0.5 N m in 90 degrees flexion and 1.2 N m in 90 degrees extension. Average passive moments about the radial-ulnar deviation axis were near zero with the wrist radially deviated and at neutral, but increased to 0.9 N m in full ulnar deviation.