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A meta-analytical approach to the pooling of blood pressure values in children
M Nuutinen1, J Turtinen, M Uhari
1Department of Pediatrics, University of Oulu, Finland.
Insights
Blood pressure (BP) readings in children are too varied to combine across studies due to differences in measurement devices and methods. Standardized BP measurement protocols are needed for reliable child health research.
Area of Science:
- Pediatrics
- Cardiovascular Health
- Biostatistics
Background:
- Accurate blood pressure (BP) measurement in children is crucial for monitoring cardiovascular health.
- Previous meta-analyses have attempted to pool BP data from various pediatric studies.
- Significant heterogeneity in BP readings across studies necessitates an investigation into pooling feasibility.
Purpose of the Study:
- To evaluate the homogeneity of blood pressure (BP) readings from different pediatric studies.
- To determine if BP data from diverse sources can be reliably pooled for meta-analysis.
- To identify factors contributing to heterogeneity in pediatric BP measurements.
Main Methods:
- A meta-analysis of 30 original reports on BP in children was conducted.
- Age- and sex-specific BP values for 12- and 15-year-olds from 11 studies were analyzed for homogeneity.
- Differences in sample size-weighted means between various BP measurement devices were assessed.
Main Results:
- BP values for systolic (K1) and diastolic (K4, K5) phases were too heterogeneous (p < 0.001) to be pooled across studies.
- Significant differences were observed between random zero (RZS) and ordinary mercury sphygmomanometers (OMS) for K1, K4, and K5 BP.
- Discrepancies also existed between ordinary mercury and automated mercury sphygmomanometers (AMS) for diastolic K4 and K5 BP.
Conclusions:
- BP results from different investigations using varied devices and diastolic indicators (K4 vs. K5) should not be pooled.
- Measurement biases stem from device differences, diastolic phase selection, and observer biases like terminal digit preference.
- Standardization of BP measurement in children is essential for future research and clinical practice.
Abstract:
Meta-analysis of blood pressure (BP) studies in children was performed in order to evaluate whether BP readings obtained in various studies may be pooled. In total 30 original reports on BP in children were analyzed and the age and sex-specific BP values reported for 12 and 15-year-old subjects in 11 of these were tested for homogeneity. The differences in sample size-weighted means between the devices used (with 95% confidence intervals) were evaluated. The BP values reported in different studies for systolic Korotkoffs first phase BP (K1) and diastolic Korotkoffs fourth (K4) and fifth (K5) phase BP were shown to be too heterogeneous (p < 0.001) to be pooled. Heterogeneity and measurement biases in the BP results were caused by differences between the devices and the diastolic BP indicator (K4 vs K5) and by observer biases such as uncontrolled terminal digit preference. The device-specific weighted means for K1, K4 and K5 BP in 12 and 15-year-old subjects showed statistically significant differences between random zero (RZS) and ordinary mercury (OMS) sphygmomanometer (p < 0.001) the difference (OMS-RZS) being from 0.7 to 6.6 mmHg for K1 (p < 0.001, except in 12-year-old girls), from 1.1 to 7.1 mmHg for K4 (p < 0.001, except in 12-year-old girls) and from 4.5 to 7.9 mmHg for K5 (p < 0.001). Such a discrepancy was also apparent between ordinary and automated mercury sphygmomanometer (AMS) in the case of diastolic K4 and K5 BP (p < 0.001), but not in K1. BP results obtained in different investigations using different BP devices and Korotkoffs phases as indicator of diastolic BP should not be pooled. More widely accepted recommendations are needed to standardize the measurement of BP in children.