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Memory liabilities associated with hypnosis: does low hypnotizability confer immunity?

E C Orne1, W G Whitehouse, D F Dinges

  • 1University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, USA.

The International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis
|October 1, 1996
PubMed
Summary
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Hypnosis did not improve memory recall but increased memory errors, or intrusions, in low hypnotizable individuals. This suggests hypnosis can alter memory in people with lower hypnotic capacity.

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Memory Research

Background:

  • Previous research suggests hypnosis can influence memory recall.
  • There is a need to understand how hypnosis affects individuals with varying hypnotic susceptibility.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effects of hypnosis on memory recall and error production in individuals with low hypnotic susceptibility.
  • To compare memory performance under hypnosis versus a motivated waking condition.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of data from two experiments involving picture recall and source monitoring.
  • Participants underwent repeated recall trials, with some exposed to hypnotic procedures and others to a waking condition.
  • Measures included correct recall, intrusions (false memories), and source memory accuracy.

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Main Results:

  • Hypnosis did not enhance correct recall for high or low hypnotizable individuals.
  • Low hypnotizable individuals showed significantly more memory intrusions (false memories) under hypnosis compared to a waking condition.
  • Hypnosis exacerbated a bias to misattribute memories to earlier recall occasions in low hypnotizable individuals.

Conclusions:

  • Hypnotic techniques can induce memory alterations in individuals with low hypnotic capacity, not just those highly susceptible.
  • Vulnerability to hypnotic memory distortion is not limited to highly hypnotizable individuals.
  • Findings challenge the notion that only highly hypnotizable individuals are susceptible to hypnosis-induced memory alterations.