A mechanism of restricted human immunodeficiency virus type 1 expression in human glial cells

We characterized in detail the life cycle of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in human glioma H4/CD4 cells which stably express transfected CD4 DNA (B. Volsky, K. Sakai, M. Reddy, and D. J. Volsky, Virology 186:303-308, 1992). Infection of cloned H4/CD4 cells with the N1T strain of cell-free HIV-1 (HIV-1/N1T) was rapid and highly productive as measured by the initial expression of viral DNA, RNA, and protein, but all viral products declined to low levels by 14 days after infection. Chronically infected, virus-producing H4/CD4 cells could be obtained by cell cloning, indicating that HIV-1 DNA can integrate and remain expressed in these cells. The HIV-1 produced in H4/CD4 cells was noninfectious to glial cells, but it could be transmitted with low efficiency to CEM cells. Examination of viral protein composition by immunoprecipitation with AIDS serum or anti-gp120 antibody revealed that HIV-1/N1T-infected H4/CD4 cells produced all major viral proteins including gp160, but not gp120. Deglycosylation experiments with three different glycosidases determined that the absence of gp120 was not due to aberrant glycosylation of gp160, indicating a defect in gp160 proteolytic processing. Similar results were obtained in acutely and chronically infected H4/CD4 cells. To determine the generality of this HIV-1 replication phenotype in H4/CD4 cells, nine different viral clones were tested for replication in H4/CD4 cells by transfection. Eight were transiently productive like N1T, but one clone, NL4-3, established a long-lived productive infection in H4/CD4 cells, produced infectious progeny virus, and produced both gp160 and gp120. We conclude that for most HIV-1 strains tested, HIV-1 infection of H4/CD4 is restricted to a single cycle because of the defective processing of gp160, resulting in the absence of gp120 on progeny virus.