Bladder cancer screening

Transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder possesses several features that make it an ideal candidate for screening: metastases rarely occur before tumors invade the muscularis propria; superficial disease is treated very successfully by relatively inexpensive and nonmorbid means; this malignancy is almost never found incidentally at autopsy so that early detection cannot harm a patient; and almost all tumors cause hematuria if one tests frequently enough. When compared with a contemporary age, geography, and gender-matched unscreened population, bladder cancer screening in healthy men age 50 years and older by repeated home hematuria testing using chemical reagent strips significantly decreases bladder cancer morbidity and mortality and is cost-effective. A randomized prospective trial of bladder cancer screening in this population is recommended. Additionally, other potential means of bladder cancer screening and other target populations are discussed in this article.