A critical evaluation of resting intracellular free calcium regulation in dystrophic mdx muscle

There are conflicting reports regarding whether resting free calcium levels ([Ca2+]i) are elevated in dystrophic mouse (mdx) myotubes and adult myofibers. We reinvestigated this question and found several lines of evidence supporting the hypothesis that increased calcium influx via leak channels leads to increases in resting [Ca2+]i. 1) Step calibration of fura 2/free acid in myofibers with use of microinjected Ca(2+)-ethylene glycol-bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid buffers revealed greater [Ca2+]i in dystrophic cells. Careful calibration of fura PE3-AM, a compartmentalization-resistant derivative of fura 2, also showed elevated [Ca2+]i in mdx myotubes. 2) Chronic, but not acute, application of tetrodotoxin reduced resting [Ca2+]i in dystrophic myotubes, suggesting that elevated resting [Ca2+]i is a consequence of previous long-term contractile activity. 3) Rates of manganese quenching of fura 2 fluorescence, an indirect indicator of calcium influx, were significantly higher in mdx myotubes and were increased by nifedipine, a calcium leak channel agonist. 4) Calcium leak channel activity, measured using patch clamping, was greater in the sarcolemma of adult non-enzyme-treated mdx myofibers.