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Related Concept Videos

Specialized Characteristics of Cardiac Muscles01:27

Specialized Characteristics of Cardiac Muscles

The primary role of cardiac muscles is to propel blood throughout the cardiovascular system. The cardiac muscle cells, or cardiomyocytes, exhibit specialized characteristics that allow them to perform this function.
Cardiac muscle cells are smaller than skeletal muscles, averaging 10–20 mm in diameter and 50–100 mm in length. However, they have large energy demands for continuous contraction and relaxation. This energy is almost exclusively derived from aerobic metabolism of energy reserves in...
Pathophysiology of Cardiac Performance01:29

Pathophysiology of Cardiac Performance

Typical heart performance is influenced by heart rate, rhythm, myocardial contraction, and metabolism or blood flow. The cardiac muscle exhibits distinct electrophysiological features, including pacemaker activity and calcium channel control, which play a vital role in the heart's response to various drugs. The autonomic nervous system, comprising the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches, regulates heart rate. Sympathetic activation increases heart rate, while parasympathetic activation...
Cardiac Output and Stroke Volume01:11

Cardiac Output and Stroke Volume

Cardiac output (CO) is an integral aspect of human physiology, reflecting the heart's efficiency and responsiveness to the body's needs. It represents the volume of blood that the left or right ventricle ejects into the aorta or pulmonary trunk each minute. The CO is calculated by multiplying the heart rate (HR)—the number of heartbeats per minute—by the stroke volume (SV)—the amount of blood pumped out with each heartbeat.
In an average resting adult male, the typical cardiac output averages...
Exercise and Cardiac Output01:17

Exercise and Cardiac Output

Regular physical activity is essential for maintaining cardiovascular health, with aerobic exercises being particularly effective. According to the American Heart Association, 150 minutes of moderate to intense aerobic exercise per week is recommended for a healthy heart. Aerobic activities may include brisk walking, running, bicycling, cross-country skiing, and swimming, ideally performed three to five times per week.
Sustained exercise increases the muscles' oxygen demand, which can be met...
Cardiac Output I:Effect of Heart Rate on Cardiac Output01:19

Cardiac Output I:Effect of Heart Rate on Cardiac Output

Cardiac Output
Cardiac output (CO) refers to the total amount of blood ejected by one of the ventricles in liters per minute (L/min). In a resting adult, CO ranges from 5 to 6 L/min, adjusting according to the body's metabolic requirements.
Effect of Heart Rate on Cardiac Output
Cardiac output adapts to metabolic demands during stress, physical activity, or illness. The autonomic nervous system regulates heart rate via the sinoatrial node. The parasympathetic nervous system decreases heart rate...
Cardiac Output II: Effect of Stroke Volume on Cardiac Output01:22

Cardiac Output II: Effect of Stroke Volume on Cardiac Output

Cardiac output (CO), the amount of blood the heart pumps per minute, is a parameter in cardiovascular physiology determined by stroke volume and heart rate. Stroke volume, the amount of blood pushed from one of the ventricles per heartbeat, is influenced by preload, afterload, and contractility.
Preload
Preload refers to the initial elongation of the cardiac myocytes before contraction and is related to the volume of blood filling the heart at the end of diastole, or end-diastolic volume. The...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 29, 2026

Assessment of Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Calcium Reserve and Intracellular Diastolic Calcium Removal in Isolated Ventricular Cardiomyocytes
11:00

Assessment of Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Calcium Reserve and Intracellular Diastolic Calcium Removal in Isolated Ventricular Cardiomyocytes

Published on: September 18, 2017

Control of cardiac performance by Ca-turnover

J Simurda1, M Simurdová, P Bravený

  • 1Department of Physiology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.

Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry
|July 1, 1996
PubMed
Summary

A new quantitative model simulates calcium (Ca) turnover in cardiac cells, incorporating feedback mechanisms. This model aids in understanding drug effects and species differences in heart function.

Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Computational Biology
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Cardiac cells regulate intracellular calcium (Ca2+) for proper contraction.
  • Sarcolemmal Ca transport, including Ca channels and Na/Ca exchange, is crucial for Ca homeostasis.
  • Negative feedback mechanisms modulate Ca transport, influencing cardiac function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a quantitative model of Ca turnover in cardiac cells.
  • To incorporate negative feedback modulation of sarcolemmal Ca transport.
  • To simulate the effects of cardiotropic drugs and species differences.

Main Methods:

  • Designed a quantitative model of cardiac Ca turnover.
  • Incorporated negative feedback modulation of sarcolemmal Ca transport (Ca channels, Na/Ca exchange).

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Analysis of Cardiac Contractile Dysfunction and Ca2+ Transients in Rodent Myocytes
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Analysis of Cardiac Contractile Dysfunction and Ca2+ Transients in Rodent Myocytes

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 29, 2026

Assessment of Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Calcium Reserve and Intracellular Diastolic Calcium Removal in Isolated Ventricular Cardiomyocytes
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Assessment of Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Calcium Reserve and Intracellular Diastolic Calcium Removal in Isolated Ventricular Cardiomyocytes

Published on: September 18, 2017

In Vitro Assessment of Cardiac Function Using Skinned Cardiomyocytes
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In Vitro Assessment of Cardiac Function Using Skinned Cardiomyocytes

Published on: June 22, 2020

Analysis of Cardiac Contractile Dysfunction and Ca2+ Transients in Rodent Myocytes
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Analysis of Cardiac Contractile Dysfunction and Ca2+ Transients in Rodent Myocytes

Published on: May 25, 2022

  • Modeled Na/Ca exchange current (INaCa) with slow (INaCar) and fast (delta INaCa) components.

    • Main Results:

    • The model uses excitation intervals as input and Ca transfer amounts as output.
    • It combines discrete variables (Ca transfer during contraction, relaxation, rest) and continuous variables (slow ionic concentration changes).
    • The model successfully simulates known drug effects and species/tissue differences in rate-dependent phenomena.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed model provides a mechanistic understanding of cardiac Ca turnover.
    • It serves as a tool to predict drug mechanisms and explore physiological variations.
    • The model's non-formalistic approach respects biological elements for accurate simulation.