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Viral serology and detection

S Greer, G J Alexander

    Bailliere'S Clinical Gastroenterology
    |December 1, 1995
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Serological tests remain the primary method for diagnosing viral hepatitis, including Hepatitis A, B, C, and E. Newer molecular techniques show promise but are not yet routine for clinical viral detection.

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    Area of Science:

    • Clinical Hepatology
    • Virology
    • Diagnostic Microbiology

    Background:

    • Serological tests have long been the standard for viral detection in clinical hepatology.
    • Emerging molecular techniques offer potential but face challenges in routine reliability and standardization.
    • Accurate viral detection is crucial for managing liver diseases and patient outcomes.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review the current landscape of viral detection methods in clinical hepatology.
    • To compare the utility of established serological assays with newer molecular diagnostic approaches.
    • To highlight the diagnostic challenges and future directions for hepatitis virus detection.

    Main Methods:

    • Review of established serological diagnostic techniques for Hepatitis A, B, C, and E viruses.

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  • Evaluation of molecular methods such as Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and branched DNA (bDNA) assays.
  • Discussion of viral culture and antigen detection methods for Cytomegalovirus.

    • Main Results:

    • Hepatitis A diagnosis relies solely on serology (IgM for acute, IgG for immunity).
    • Hepatitis B diagnosis utilizes IgM anticore for acute infection and Hepatitis B surface antigen persistence for chronicity; viral DNA levels assess risk.
    • Hepatitis C diagnosis primarily uses antibody serology, with PCR and bDNA assays for RNA detection; Hepatitis D relies on Hepatitis B co-infection markers.
    • Cytomegalovirus diagnosis is complex, balancing serology, viral culture, and experimental PCR/antigenaemia assays.

    Conclusions:

    • Serology remains the mainstay for routine viral hepatitis diagnosis.
    • Molecular techniques like PCR and bDNA assays are advancing but require further validation for widespread clinical adoption.
    • Distinguishing active viral replication from disease, particularly for Cytomegalovirus, remains a diagnostic challenge.