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Young's moduli and shear moduli in cortical bone

H C Spatz1, E J O'Leary, J F Vincent

  • 1Centre for Biomimetics, Reading University, U.K.

Proceedings. Biological Sciences
|March 22, 1996
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

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Mineral content is key to bone

Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Materials Science
  • Paleontology

Background:

  • Cortical bone and antler bone exhibit unique mechanical properties crucial for organismal function.
  • Understanding these properties aids in comparative analysis across species and evolutionary studies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine Young's modulus and shear modulus for mammalian cortical bone, avian cortical bone, and antler bone.
  • To investigate the relationship between bone structure, mineral content, and mechanical properties.
  • To explore the implications of the determined elastic moduli ratio in bone mechanics.

Main Methods:

  • Three-point bending tests were conducted on bone samples across a range of span-to-depth ratios (25 to 10).
  • Young's modulus was extrapolated from apparent flexural modulus (Eapp) values at infinite span-to-depth ratios.

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  • Shear modulus was derived from the dependency of Eapp on the span-to-depth ratio.

    • Main Results:

    • Mineral content was identified as the primary determinant of bone's mechanical properties.
    • In mammalian bone, a higher frequency of Haversian systems correlated with decreased stiffness and shear resistance.
    • The ratio of Young's modulus to shear modulus was consistently around 20:1 for the studied bone types.

    Conclusions:

    • The high Young's modulus to shear modulus ratio is significant for bone's resistance to crack propagation and impact.
    • The findings support the Cook-Gordon theory regarding controlled crack propagation.
    • The mechanical properties are influenced by both material (mineral content) and structural (Haversian systems) factors, though their separation remains challenging.