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PCR01:32

PCR

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Overview
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Real Time RT-PCR02:57

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Real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, or Real-time RT-PCR, is an analytical tool used to determine the expression level of target genes. The method involves converting mRNA to complementary DNA with the help of an enzyme known as reverse transcriptase, followed by the PCR amplification of the cDNA. These two processes can be performed simultaneously in a single tube or separately as a two-step reaction.
The real-time quantification of the number of amplified products is...
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Scientists typically make repeated measurements of a quantity to ensure the quality of their findings and to evaluate both the precision and the accuracy of their results. Measurements are said to be precise if they yield very similar results when repeated in the same manner. A measurement is considered accurate if it yields a result that is very close to the true or the accepted value. Precise values agree with each other; accurate values agree with a true value. 
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Reliability and Validity01:29

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Reliability and validity are two important considerations that must be made with any type of data collection. Reliability refers to the ability to consistently produce a given result. In the context of psychological research, this would mean that any instruments or tools used to collect data do so in consistent, reproducible ways.
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The Uncertainty Principle04:08

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Werner Heisenberg considered the limits of how accurately one can measure properties of an electron or other microscopic particles. He determined that there is a fundamental limit to how accurately one can measure both a particle’s position and its momentum simultaneously. The more accurate the measurement of the momentum of a particle is known, the less accurate the position at that time is known and vice versa. This is what is now called the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. He...
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Blind Procedures02:07

Blind Procedures

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Ideally, the people who observe and record the children’s behavior are unaware of who was assigned to the experimental or control group, in order to control for experimenter bias. Experimenter bias refers to the possibility that a researcher’s expectations might skew the results of the study. Remember, conducting an experiment requires a lot of planning, and the people involved in the research project have a vested interest in supporting their hypotheses. If the observers knew which...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 4, 2026

Quantitative PCR of T7 Bacteriophage from Biopanning
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[Long and accurate PCR (LA PCR)]

H Mukai1, T Nakagawa

  • 1Advanced Biomedical Center, Takara Shuzo Co., LTD.

Nihon Rinsho. Japanese Journal of Clinical Medicine
|April 1, 1996
PubMed
Summary

Long PCR techniques enable the amplification of longer human genomic DNA fragments up to 27kb. This advanced Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method offers higher fidelity for large DNA targets.

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Biotechnology

Context:

  • Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is a cornerstone of molecular biology, essential for applications in genetics, genome mapping, sequencing, and forensics.
  • Conventional PCR, typically utilizing Taq DNA polymerase, faces limitations in amplifying DNA fragments beyond 5kb.
  • Recent advancements have introduced "long" PCR protocols capable of amplifying DNA templates up to 40kb with enhanced fidelity.

Purpose:

  • To describe the successful amplification of extended human genomic DNA fragments.
  • To demonstrate the efficacy of LA PCR (Long and Accurate PCR) technology for amplifying large DNA targets.

Summary:

  • This study reports the amplification of human genomic fragments up to 27kb using LA PCR technology.
  • LA PCR overcomes the size limitations of conventional PCR, enabling the analysis of larger DNA sequences.

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  • The methodology presented offers a significant improvement for researchers working with extensive genomic regions.

    • Impact:

    • Facilitates advancements in fields requiring the analysis of large DNA fragments, such as complex gene studies and genome-wide association studies.
    • Provides a more efficient and cost-effective alternative to traditional methods for large DNA fragment isolation and analysis.
    • Expands the capabilities of PCR for genomic research, enabling deeper insights into genetic structures and functions.