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Elevated plasma glucose 2 h postchallenge predicts defects in beta-cell function

M M Byrne1, J Sturis, R J Sobel

  • 1Department of Medicine, Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.

The American Journal of Physiology
|April 1, 1996
PubMed
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Individuals with relatives having type 2 diabetes show early beta-cell dysfunction. These insulin secretion defects appear before overt hyperglycemia, indicating preclinical diabetes markers.

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Metabolic Disorders
  • Diabetes Research

Background:

  • Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) has a strong genetic component.
  • First-degree relatives of NIDDM patients are at higher risk.
  • Early detection of prediabetic states is crucial for intervention.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate beta-cell function in normoglycemic individuals with a family history of NIDDM.
  • To identify early markers of impaired insulin secretion in individuals with nondiabetic (NDX) or impaired glucose tolerance (IGT).
  • To correlate insulin secretion defects with insulin resistance.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of insulin sensitivity index (SI) across four groups: healthy controls, first-degree relatives of NIDDM patients, NDX, and IGT subjects.

Related Experiment Videos

  • Intravenous glucose challenges to assess first-phase insulin secretion.
  • Oscillatory glucose infusion to evaluate normalized spectral power of insulin secretion.
  • Assessment of glucose priming effect on insulin response.

    • Main Results:

    • Insulin sensitivity (SI) was comparable across all studied groups.
    • NDX and IGT groups exhibited defects in insulin secretion, including reduced first-phase response.
    • A decreased ability of beta-cells to respond to glucose fluctuations was observed in NDX and IGT groups.
    • Priming effect of low-dose glucose infusion was impaired in NIDDM but normal in IGT subjects.

    Conclusions:

    • Alterations in beta-cell function are detectable in nondiabetic relatives of NIDDM patients with mild glucose level elevations.
    • These beta-cell abnormalities precede the development of overt hyperglycemia and clinical diabetes.
    • Early functional beta-cell defects can serve as preclinical markers for type 2 diabetes risk.