Fasting, lactate, and insulin improve ischemia tolerance in rat heart: a comparison with ischemic preconditioning

We tested the hypothesis that improved ischemia tolerance in an isolated working rat heart preparation can be achieved by interventions other than ischemic preconditioning. Hearts were perfused at near-physiological workload with bicarbonate buffer containing glucose (10 mM). A preischemic period of 25 min was followed by 15 min of global ischemia and 30 min of reperfusion under preischemic conditions. Hearts came from either fed or fasted animals (groups 1 and 2). In group 3 lactate (10 mM) and insulin (10 mU/ml) were added to the perfusate of fasted animals. In group 4 hearts from fed animals were perfused with glucose (10 mM) and were ischemically preconditioned by one cycle of ischemia between 10 and 15 min of the preischemic perfusion. Cardiac power and glucose uptake were measured continuously to assess functional and metabolic recovery. In addition, we measured the time to return of aortic flow. Glucose metabolites and the ratio of latent of free citrate synthase activity (citrate synthase ratio, a marker for the structural integrity of mitochondria) were determined at selected time points. Groups 2, 3, and 4 recovered significantly faster than group 1, whereas recovery of power showed an improvement in groups 3 and 4 only. In addition, there was an early increase in glucose uptake during reperfusion in these two groups, suggesting an early need for glucose substrate. Glycogen levels decreased with ischemia in all groups and returned to preischemic levels in groups 2, 3, and 4. The citrate synthase ratio was low in the control group and preserved in the groups showing improved functional recovery. We conclude that metabolic interventions may be as effective as ischemic preconditioning in protecting the heart from ischemic injury.