Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 13, 2026

Free Radicals in Chemical Biology: from Chemical Behavior to Biomarker Development
14:22

Free Radicals in Chemical Biology: from Chemical Behavior to Biomarker Development

Published on: April 15, 2013

Identification of acylcholine acyl-hydrolase with carboxylic ester-hydrolase in human serum

T Muraoka, H Okuda

    Journal of Biochemistry
    |July 1, 1977
    PubMed

    More Related Videos

    Determination of Sialic Acids in Liver and Milk Samples of Wild-type and CMAH Knock-out Mice.08:04

    Determination of Sialic Acids in Liver and Milk Samples of Wild-type and CMAH Knock-out Mice.

    Published on: July 14, 2017

    Measurement of Cyclic Guanosine Monophosphate (cGMP) in Solid Tissues using Competitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)07:15

    Measurement of Cyclic Guanosine Monophosphate (cGMP) in Solid Tissues using Competitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)

    Published on: July 3, 2025

    Related Concept Videos

    Carboxylic Acids to Esters: Acid-Catalyzed (Fischer) Esterification Overview01:20

    Carboxylic Acids to Esters: Acid-Catalyzed (Fischer) Esterification Overview

    The Fischer esterification reaction was developed by the German chemist Emil Fischer in 1895. It is a condensation reaction between carboxylic acids and alcohols in an acidic medium to give esters and water.
    Esters to Carboxylic Acids: Saponification01:25

    Esters to Carboxylic Acids: Saponification

    Esters can be hydrolyzed to carboxylic acids under acidic or basic conditions. Base-promoted hydrolysis of esters is a nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction in which esters react with an aqueous base, followed by an acid to give carboxylic acids. This reaction is also known as saponification because it forms the basis for making soaps from fats.
    The reaction requires a base in stoichiometric amounts, which participates in the reaction and is not regenerated later. So, the base acts as a...
    Esters to Carboxylic Acids: Acid-Catalyzed Hydrolysis01:13

    Esters to Carboxylic Acids: Acid-Catalyzed Hydrolysis

    Hydrolysis of esters under acidic conditions proceeds through a nucleophilic acyl substitution. In the presence of excess water, the reaction proceeds in a reversible manner, forming carboxylic acids and alcohols.
    During hydrolysis, the ester is first activated towards nucleophilic attack through the protonation of the carboxyl oxygen atom by the acid catalyst. The protonation makes the ester carbonyl carbon more electrophilic. In the next step, water acts as a nucleophile and adds to the...
    Direct-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Pharmacokinetics01:31

    Direct-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Pharmacokinetics

    Direct-acting cholinergic agonists, such as synthetic choline esters and naturally occurring alkaloids, exert their effects by enhancing the actions of acetylcholine and stimulating the parasympathetic nervous system. Synthetic choline esters share structural similarities with acetylcholine. For example, they have a positively charged quaternary ammonium or onium group, contributing to their hydrophilic characteristics. As a result, they are poorly absorbed in the body through oral...
    Cholinesterases: Distribution and Function01:22

    Cholinesterases: Distribution and Function

    Cholinesterases are a group of serine hydrolase enzymes that play a crucial role in the breakdown of choline esters. The two primary types of cholinesterases are acetylcholinesterases (AChEs) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChEs), which differ in their distribution, function, and substrate specificity. AChEs, also known as true cholinesterases, specifically hydrolyze acetylcholine, while BuChEs, often referred to as pseudocholinesterases, can hydrolyze various choline esters, including...
    Indirect-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Mechanism of Action01:18

    Indirect-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Mechanism of Action

    Indirect-acting cholinergic agonists work by interacting with an enzyme called acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the synaptic cleft. They can be reversible or irreversible inhibitors and have different effects on the enzyme.
    Reversible inhibitors like edrophonium bind to a specific part of the enzyme called the anionic catalytic site. They form noncovalent bonds, which means they are not strongly attached to the enzyme. This creates a temporary and less stable enzyme–inhibitor complex, leading to...