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Epidemiology of urolithiasis

A Trinchieri1

  • 1Istituto di Urologia, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore di Milano, Milan.

Archivio Italiano Di Urologia, Andrologia : Organo Ufficiale [Di] Societa Italiana Di Ecografia Urologica E Nefrologica
|September 1, 1996
PubMed
Summary

Urolithiasis epidemiology varies globally, with developed nations seeing more kidney stones (calcium oxalate/phosphate) due to lifestyle changes. Developing regions face more bladder stones (ammonium urate/calcium oxalate), often linked to early-life malnutrition.

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Area of Science:

  • Urology
  • Epidemiology
  • Nephrology

Background:

  • Urolithiasis epidemiology shows significant geographical and historical variations.
  • Socio-economic shifts influence the incidence, location, and composition of urinary calculi.
  • Modern developed nations experience higher rates of reno-ureteral calculosis, primarily calcium oxalate and phosphate stones.

Observation:

  • Primitive bladder calculosis, often ammonium urate and calcium oxalate, is prevalent in Asia and historically in Europe.
  • Improved socio-economic conditions correlate with decreased bladder calculosis incidence.
  • A global trend, termed the "stone wave," indicates a rise in reno-ureteral calculosis linked to dietary changes and affluence.

Findings:

  • Calcium oxalate and/or phosphate stones constitute nearly 70% of renal stones in developed countries.
  • Dietary factors like high protein, refined carbohydrates, and sodium intake are implicated in calcium oxalate stone formation.
  • Genetic predisposition and family history are crucial for idiopathic calcium stone disease, though underlying mechanisms remain unclear.

Implications:

  • Understanding these epidemiological shifts is vital for public health strategies and preventative measures.
  • Further research into the interplay of genetics, diet, and lifestyle is needed to elucidate the pathogenesis of urolithiasis.
  • Targeted interventions based on regional and socio-economic factors can help manage the growing burden of urolithiasis.

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