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Related Experiment Videos

Resolving the apparent discrepancy between the incongruency effect and the expectancy-based illusory correlation

L Garcia-Marques1, D L Hamilton

  • 1Faculdade de Psicologia e Ciencias da Educacao, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal. gmarques@mail.telepac.pt

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
|November 1, 1996
PubMed
Summary

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This study introduces the Twofold Retrieval by Associative Pathways (TRAP) model, resolving the apparent conflict between incongruency and expectancy-based illusory correlation effects in memory. The TRAP model explains how expectancies influence both recall and frequency estimation.

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Social Psychology

Background:

  • The incongruency effect predicts better recall for expectancy-inconsistent information.
  • The expectancy-based illusory correlation effect predicts overestimation of expectancy-consistent information.
  • These effects appear contradictory, posing a challenge for understanding how expectancies shape memory.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To resolve the apparent contradiction between the incongruency effect and the expectancy-based illusory correlation effect.
  • To present a unified model that can simultaneously predict both effects.
  • To elucidate the distinct memory processes underlying recall and frequency estimation.

Main Methods:

  • Introduction of the Twofold Retrieval by Associative Pathways (TRAP) model.
  • Adoption of encoding assumptions from person memory models.

Related Experiment Videos

  • Distinguishing between exhaustive retrieval (for recall) and heuristic retrieval (for frequency estimation).

    • Main Results:

    • Experiment 1 demonstrated that incongruency effects and expectancy-based illusory correlation effects can occur simultaneously.
    • The TRAP model successfully predicted the co-occurrence of these effects.
    • Experiments 2 and 3 provided evidence against alternative explanations for the observed pattern.

    Conclusions:

    • The TRAP model offers a parsimonious explanation for seemingly contradictory memory phenomena.
    • Distinct retrieval processes (exhaustive vs. heuristic) underlie recall and frequency estimation, respectively.
    • Expectancies play a crucial role in shaping both accurate recall and biased frequency judgments.