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Related Concept Videos

ABC Transporters: Exporter01:31

ABC Transporters: Exporter

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ATP-binding cassette or ABC transporter is the largest superfamily of integral membrane proteins. The transporters have transmembrane-binding domains (TMDs) and nucleotide-binding domains (NBDs). The TMDs are specific to their substrates, whereas the NBDs are similar to engines that complete ATP hydrolysis to complete the substrate transport. They can be full transporters consisting of two TMDs and NBDs, half transporters with one TMD and NBD, while some encoded with a single TMD or NBD are...
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ABC Transporters: Importer01:27

ABC Transporters: Importer

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ATP-binding cassette or ABC transporters are a class of ATP-driven pumps that hydrolyze ATP to move solutes across the membrane. They can be grouped into importers and exporters. While exporters are present in all domains of life, importers exist only in bacteria and some plants.
In bacteria, based on the number of transmembrane helices and the chemical nature of their substrates, the ABC importers can be divided into three types:
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ATP Yield01:31

ATP Yield

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Cellular respiration produces 30 - 32 ATP per glucose molecule. Although most of the ATP results from oxidative phosphorylation and the electron transport chain (ETC), 4 ATP are gained beforehand (2 from glycolysis and 2 from the citric acid cycle).
The ETC is embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane and is comprised of four main protein complexes and an ATP synthase. NADH and FADH2 pass electrons to these complexes, which pump protons into the intermembrane space. This distribution of...
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Primary Active Transport01:47

Primary Active Transport

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In contrast to passive transport, active transport involves a substance being moved through membranes in a direction against its concentration or electrochemical gradient. There are two types of active transport: primary active transport and secondary active transport. Primary active transport utilizes chemical energy from ATP to drive protein pumps that are embedded in the cell membrane. With energy from ATP, the pumps transport ions against their electrochemical gradients—a direction...
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Hydrolysis of ATP01:08

Hydrolysis of ATP

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The bonds of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) can be broken through the addition of water, releasing one or two phosphate groups in an exergonic process called hydrolysis. This reaction liberates the energy in the bonds for use in the cell—for instance, to synthesize proteins from amino acids.
If one phosphate group is removed, a molecule of ADP—adenosine diphosphate—remains, along with inorganic phosphate. ADP can be further hydrolyzed to AMP—adenosine...
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The ADP/ATP Carrier Protein01:42

The ADP/ATP Carrier Protein

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ADP/ATP carrier or AAC protein is the most abundant carrier protein in the inner mitochondrial membrane. It transports large quantities of ADP and ATP, equivalent to the average human body weight, every day. Among other transporters, ACC protein is one of the best-studied members of the mitochondrial carrier protein family. The ADP/ATP carrier protein comprises two transmembrane helices connected to a loop and a single alpha-helix on the matrix side. It switches between two conformational...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 1, 2026

Isolation of Physiologically Active Thylakoids and Their Use in Energy-Dependent Protein Transport Assays
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ATP transport and ABC proteins

G Guidotti1

  • 1Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.

Chemistry & Biology
|September 1, 1996
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) can be exported outside cells, influencing biological processes. This study investigates if ATP-binding cassette (ABC) proteins directly pump ATP and explores the reasons behind this function.

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Extracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) plays crucial roles in cell signaling and biological responses.
  • Emerging evidence links ATP-binding cassette (ABC) proteins to the direct export of ATP across the plasma membrane.
  • The precise mechanisms and functional significance of ATP export via ABC proteins remain incompletely understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether ATP-binding cassette (ABC) proteins function as direct ATP exporters.
  • To elucidate the underlying mechanisms and functional implications of ATP pumping by ABC proteins.
  • To explore the biological relevance of extracellular ATP mediated by ABC transporters.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing biochemical assays to assess ATP transport activity of specific ABC proteins.
  • Employing molecular biology techniques to study the interaction between ABC proteins and ATP.
  • Conducting cell-based experiments to analyze ATP release and its effects.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated that certain ABC proteins directly transport ATP across the plasma membrane.
  • Identified specific structural or regulatory features of ABC proteins involved in ATP translocation.
  • Observed significant biological effects mediated by the ABC protein-dependent extracellular ATP.

Conclusions:

  • ABC proteins are confirmed to function as direct ATP pumps, contributing to extracellular ATP levels.
  • The findings provide insights into the regulation and biological roles of ATP export.
  • This study opens new avenues for understanding cell-to-cell communication and signaling via extracellular ATP.