Identification and characterization of the N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive site in lambda-integrase

Integrase (Int) of bacteriophage lambda is a heterobivalent DNA-binding protein and a type I topoisomerase. Upon modification with N-ethylmaleimide (NEM), a sulfhydryl-directed reagent, Int loses its capacity to bind "arm-type" DNA sequences and, consequently, to carry out recombination; however, its ability to bind "core-type" sequences and its topoisomerase activity are unaffected. In this report, the NEM-sensitive site was identified by modifying Int with [14C]NEM. Following cleavage by formic acid, which cleaves Asp-Pro bonds, and fractionation on a Fractogel HW-50 (F) sizing column, the fragment containing the primary site of [14C]NEM incorporation was subjected to amino acid sequencing. The results indicate that the primary site of [14C]NEM incorporation is in the peptide-spanning amino acid residues 1-28, which contains a cysteine at position 25. To confirm that Cys-25 is the target of NEM reactivity, site-directed mutagenesis was used to change this cysteine to alanine or serine. The mutant protein is not chemically modified by NEM and shows no loss of activity after NEM treatment. The fact that C25A and C25S both retain full recombination activity indicates that the SH group of Cys-25 does not provide any critical contacts, either with arm-type DNA or with other parts of the Int protein to form the arm-type recognition pocket. The loss of arm-type DNA binding and the concomitant loss of recombination function as a result of NEM modification must be due to the presence of the maleimide moiety and not due to loss of a critical cysteine contact.