Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support for postcardiotomy cardiogenic shock

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) has had promising results in life-threatening respiratory failure and postcardiotomy cardiogenic failure. From October 1994 to October 1995, 18 patients received 19 ECMOs at National Taiwan University Hospital for severe cardiogenic shock after cardiac surgery. They included patients receiving cardiac massage or repeated bolus injections of norepinephrine to maintain blood pressure (n = 10), patients who could not be weaned off cardiopulmonary bypass after several attempts despite intraaortic balloon pumping and maximal doses of catecholamine (n = 7), and patients with progressive intractable cardiogenic shock after cardiac surgery. Venoarterial ECMO was set up via femoral artery (17 or 19 Fr cannula) and vein (19 or 21 Fr) in all patients except 2 infants. No left heart drainage was performed in any of the patients. The heparin-coated circuit (with Carmeda Bio-active Surface) was used in the last 13 patients to reduce bleeding. Ten (52.6%) of the 19 cases could be smoothly weaned off ECMO, and 6 (33.3%) of the 18 patients were discharged from the hospital in good condition. Four (80%) of the 5 patients after valvular surgery and all 3 heart transplant patients could be weaned off ECMO successfully with the survival rate being 60% and 67%, respectively. Complications included leg ischemia (n = 3), bleeding (n = 4), renal failure (n = 3), and tube rupture (n = 1). The inability to wean off ECMO was caused by multiple organ failure (n = 5), sepsis (n = 2), tube rupture (n = 1), and dysfunction of the ECMO system (n = 1). The major cause of multiple organ failure was hesitation to set up ECMO. Our preliminary results confirmed the effect of ECMO in postoperative cardiogenic shock.