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Related Concept Videos

Hypertension and Regulation of Blood Pressure01:18

Hypertension and Regulation of Blood Pressure

Hypertension, the most common cardiovascular disease, is diagnosed through repeated measurements of elevated blood pressure. Its risks, including damage to the kidney, heart, and brain, are directly proportional to blood pressure levels. Starting from 115/75 mm Hg, the risk of cardiovascular disease doubles with each increment of 20/10 mm Hg. The diagnosis relies on blood pressure measurements, not on patient symptoms, as hypertension is often asymptomatic until end-organ damage is imminent or...
Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors and Calcium Channel Blockers01:26

Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors and Calcium Channel Blockers

Receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) and calcium channel blockers (CCBs) are two critical categories of drugs employed in the treatment of pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH). PAH is a disease that causes high blood pressure in the pulmonary arteries, resulting in chest pain, fatigue, and shortness of breath.
TKIs, such as imatinib (Gleevec), are particularly effective in tackling the growth and mitogenic factors that become upregulated in PAH patients. These factors contribute to the...
Hypertension I: Introduction01:28

Hypertension I: Introduction

Hypertension is a widespread, long-term medical condition where blood pressure in the arteries remains elevated. It is characterized by systolic blood pressure readings of 130 mm Hg or above or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) readings of 80 mm Hg or higher. Unmanaged hypertension poses significant health risks, making the distinction between primary (or essential) hypertension and secondary hypertension crucial, as their management and implications vary.Primary HypertensionPrimary hypertension,...
Hypertension III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies01:30

Hypertension III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies

Hypertension is asymptomatic and also referred to as the "silent killer" until it progresses to a severe stage or causes target organ disease. Patients may experience symptoms stemming from the strain on blood vessels and tissues in various organs or the heart's increased workload.Physical exams might show no abnormalities other than high blood pressure. Signs of vascular damage, when present, correspond to the organs supplied by the affected vessels, leading to target organ damage. For...
Hypertension IV: Drug Therapy and Lifestyle Modifications01:28

Hypertension IV: Drug Therapy and Lifestyle Modifications

Multiple classes of antihypertensive medications are employed in treating hypertension. The most commonly recommended first-line treatments include:Thiazide Diuretics, such as chlorthalidone, increase sodium and water excretion from the body, reducing blood volume and blood pressure.Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, like lisinopril, block the conversion of angiotensin I to II, a potent vasoconstrictor lowering blood pressure.Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARBs) prevent angiotensin II...
Hypertension V: Nursing Management01:23

Hypertension V: Nursing Management

The nursing management of hypertension involves accurately assessing symptoms, making a comprehensive nursing diagnosis, collaborating with patients to set goals, and implementing targeted interventions to mitigate the condition's impact and improve patient well-being.Comprehensive AssessmentThe initial step in nursing care for hypertension involves a thorough patient assessment. It includes evaluating symptoms such as headaches, dizziness, blurred vision, and previous hypertension episodes.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 24, 2026

Measurement of the Hepatic Venous Pressure Gradient and Transjugular Liver Biopsy
07:10

Measurement of the Hepatic Venous Pressure Gradient and Transjugular Liver Biopsy

Published on: June 18, 2020

Secondary hypertension: evaluation and treatment

B E Akpunonu1, P J Mulrow, E A Hoffman

  • 1Medical College of Ohio Toledo, USA.

Disease-A-Month : DM
|October 1, 1996
PubMed
Summary

Secondary hypertension, a rare but treatable form of high blood pressure, requires careful evaluation. Identifying specific causes through clinical clues and tests is crucial for effective management and potential cure.

Area of Science:

  • Internal Medicine
  • Cardiology
  • Nephrology
  • Endocrinology
  • Radiology

Background:

  • Essential (primary) hypertension, with unknown causes, affects 95% of US patients.
  • Secondary hypertension, accounting for 5% of cases, has identifiable and treatable causes.
  • This form is considered 'curable' or 'treatable' by physicians, emphasizing the importance of diagnosis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline the diagnostic approach to secondary hypertension.
  • To highlight clinical features suggestive of secondary hypertension.
  • To emphasize the multidisciplinary nature of evaluating and treating secondary hypertension.

Main Methods:

  • Review of clinical features aiding diagnosis: age of onset, severity, end-organ damage, body habitus, physical findings.

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  • Identification of specific biochemical tests indicative of underlying disorders (e.g., hypercalcemia, hyperglycemia, hypokalemia).
  • Correlation of physical examination findings (e.g., abdominal bruits, decreased femoral pulses) with potential causes.

    • Main Results:

    • Specific patient characteristics can strongly suggest secondary hypertension.
    • Age extremes (onset <20 or >50 years) and refractory hypertension are key indicators.
    • Biochemical and physical findings provide crucial clues to specific etiologies like renovascular disease, endocrine disorders, or coarctation of the aorta.

    Conclusions:

    • A thorough history, physical examination, and targeted investigations are essential for diagnosing secondary hypertension.
    • Early identification of secondary causes allows for specific medical or surgical interventions, potentially leading to cure.
    • While not all hypertensive patients require extensive workup, recognizing suggestive features is vital for optimal patient care.