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A mechanism for the decrease in stiffness of bioprosthetic heart valve tissues after cross-linking

I Vesely1

  • 1Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, OH 44195, USA.

ASAIO Journal (American Society for Artificial Internal Organs : 1992)
|November 1, 1996
PubMed
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Glutaraldehyde treatment paradoxically lowers bioprosthetic valve material stiffness at low loads due to collagen fiber crimp. Stiffness equalizes at high loads, revealing cross-linking effects on tissue mechanics.

Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Tissue Engineering
  • Biomechanical Engineering

Background:

  • Glutaraldehyde treatment is common for bioprosthetic valves.
  • Cross-linked tissues are typically stiffer than native tissues.
  • A paradoxical observation of decreased elastic modulus in treated tissues exists.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate the paradoxical decrease in elastic modulus of glutaraldehyde-treated bioprosthetic valve materials.
  • Understand the effect of cross-linking on tissue stiffness at varying loads.

Main Methods:

  • Mechanical testing of fresh and glutaraldehyde-treated porcine aortic valve cusp strips.
  • Measurement of stiffness at different applied preload levels.
  • Tissues were fixed at a constant gauge length to prevent shrinkage.

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Main Results:

  • Glutaraldehyde-fixed tissues exhibited lower stiffness than fresh tissues at low loads (0.39 N/m vs 0.54 N/m at 150 N/m preload).
  • No significant difference in stiffness was observed between fresh and fixed tissues at high loads (1.09 N/m vs 1.07 N/m at 600 N/m preload).

Conclusions:

  • The observed decrease in elastic modulus at low loads is attributed to the cross-linking of the collagen fiber matrix.
  • Cross-linking increases resistance to stretch, leading to higher tension at lower strains in crimped collagen fibers.
  • Measuring stiffness at specific stress/tension levels, not collagen fiber crimp, explains the apparent lower stiffness of fixed tissues.