Protein C activation in NIDDM patients

Enhanced activation of the clotting system has been recently implicated in the pathogenesis of vascular complications in patients with diabetes mellitus. Abnormalities of the anticoagulant system may constitute a potential trigger factor for the haemostatic activation observed in diabetic subjects. The current study aimed to evaluate anticoagulant activity in diabetic patients by assessing the plasma levels of activated protein C-protein C inhibitor complex; and by measuring the anticoagulant response to exogenous thrombomodulin. This study comprised 61 patients (34 men, 27 women) with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) of whom 22 showed microalbuminuria and 39 normoalbuminuria. Data obtained in 31 non-obese and non-diabetic subjects were available for comparison. The plasma levels of fibrinogen (p < 0.02), prothrombin fragment 1 + 2 (p < 0.05), fibrin monomer (p < 0.0001), protein C antigen (p < 0.005), total protein S antigen (p < 0.02), soluble thrombomodulin (p < 0.005) and soluble E-selectin (p < 0.005) were significantly higher in diabetic patients than in healthy subjects. The plasma level of activated protein C-protein C inhibitor complex (7.4 +/- 3.8 vs 3.0 +/- 0.4 pmol/l) was significantly higher (p < 0.0001) and the anticoagulant response to exogenous thrombomodulin (23.4 +/- 2.6 vs 35.3 +/- 3.0 ng/ml) was markedly lower (p = 0.005) in all diabetic patients than in healthy subjects. Cases with microalbuminuria presented low plasma levels of activated protein C-protein C inhibitor complex (5.5 +/- 0.6 vs 8.6 +/- 0.7 pmol/l, p < 0.05) and significantly decreased values of the anticoagulant response to exogenous thrombomodulin (16.5 +/- 2.9 vs 23.4 +/- 2.6%, p = 0.03) as compared to those with normoalbuminuria. The present study suggests that the hyper-coagulable state in NIDDM is associated with an increased activation of protein C but with a poor plasma reactivity to the anticoagulant effect of thrombomodulin.