Related Experiment Video
Updated: Aug 7, 2026

Novel Production Protocol for Small-scale Manufacture of Probiotic Fermented Foods
Published on: September 10, 2016
In-village studies of the use of work oxen in central Mali
P W Bartholomew1, T Khibe, R Ly
1International Livestock Centre for Africa, Programme du Sahel, Bamako, Mali.
Abstract:
Amongst 186 farmers interviewed in 1986 in central Mali 95% declared having used oxen for at least some part of their crop production activities. Most of the users (98%) had exploited oxen for soil preparation, but only 66% had used animal-drawn equipment for weeding. Only 21% of respondents attributed problems with field operations to deficiency in oxen work-capacity. On average oxen undertook 22 days of primary cultivation and 11 days of weeding in 1989. All the work observed was carried out using oxen harnessed in pairs. Soil preparation consisted principally of ridging with a single-furrow plough (16 days work) and this was carried out at an average working speed of 0.74 m.s.-1 with an average draft force of 778 N. Inter-row weeding was generally made with a duck-foot harrow working at 0.77 m.s.-1 at an average draft force of 610 N. The average work load in primary cultivations was 138 N.100 kg-1 liveweight and for weeding 120 N.100 kg-1 liveweight. Liveweight and size of oxen had no evident effect on working performance. Energy consumption in work was estimated at 144% and 136% of maintenance requirement for primary cultivation and weeding respectively.
Related Concept Videos
Work
The dot product can be expressed in terms of...
Observational Studies
There are three types of observational studies โ Prospective, retrospective, and cross-sectional.
Prospective Study
Prospective studies, also known as longitudinal or cohort studies, are carried out by collecting future data from groups sharing similar characteristics. One example of...
Mechanical Efficiency of Real Machines
However, in reality, no machine can be truly ideal, and all of them experience some...
Work
Work is defined as the result of a force acting on an object, causing it to move along the line of action of force. It is also defined as the process of transferring energy through the application of force on an object, resulting in its displacement.
Motor Unit Stimulation
The latent period of contraction marks the onset of excitation-contraction coupling, when the action potential propagates across the sarcolemma, preparing the muscle fibers for contraction. As the fibers enter the contraction phase, the...
Quarrying of Stone
One common method involves using a diamond belt saw to cut large blocks from the quarry face. These blocks can be about 50 feet long and 12 feet high. After the initial vertical cut, drilling is performed at the base of the block.

