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Non-destructive Tests for Concrete Strength

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The rebound hammer test, also known as the Schmidt hammer test, is a non-destructive technique for evaluating the hardness of concrete and, indirectly, the strength of concrete. It operates on the principle that the rebound of a spring-driven mass from a concrete surface correlates to the surface's hardness. The device comprises a mass within a tubular housing, a spring mechanism, and a plunger that strikes the concrete. Upon release, the energy imparted to the mass by the spring causes it to...

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Permeability in the context of concrete refers to how easily liquids or gases can pass through the material. This quality is crucial for assessing the water-tightness and durability of concrete structures and their resistance to chemical attacks. Concrete permeability can be determined through comparative laboratory tests. These tests typically involve sealing a concrete specimen from the sides, applying water pressure to the top surface with pressure, and measuring the amount of water passing...

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Updated: Jul 13, 2026

Dynamic Pore-scale Reservoir-condition Imaging of Reaction in Carbonates Using Synchrotron Fast Tomography

Dynamic Pore-scale Reservoir-condition Imaging of Reaction in Carbonates Using Synchrotron Fast Tomography

Published on: February 21, 2017

[Developing and testing of decompression regimes for caisson operations while constructing Moscow metro]

S V Rodchenkov¹, A V Syrovegin, I A Shulagin

¹Institute of Oceanology of PP Shirshov RAN, Moscow.

Aviakosmicheskaia I Ekologicheskaia Meditsina = Aerospace and Environmental Medicine

|January 1, 1996

Summary

New decompression schedules for caisson work up to 5 atmospheres absolute (ata) were developed and tested. While no decompression sickness occurred, air embolism was observed, increasing with pressure exposure and leg movement.

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Area of Science:

Physiology
Occupational Health
Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine

Context:

Caisson operations involve significant pressure exposure, necessitating stringent decompression protocols.
Existing caisson regulations may not cover extended duration or higher pressure exposures.
Human physiological responses to novel decompression profiles require thorough investigation.

Purpose:

To develop and validate extended decompression regimes for caisson operations up to 5 atmospheres absolute (ata).
To assess the safety and physiological effects of these novel decompression schedules in human subjects.
To evaluate the incidence of decompression sickness and air embolism under tested conditions.

Summary:

Developed and tested novel decompression schedules for caisson work exceeding current regulatory limits (up to 5 ata).
Seventeen subjects underwent 54 tests in a dry altitude chamber; no decompression sickness was observed.
Air embolism occurred in 28% at rest and 72% during leg movements, with incidence rising with pressure exposure.

Impact:

Provides validated, extended decompression protocols for caisson operations, potentially enhancing safety and efficiency.
Highlights the increased risk of air embolism, particularly with physical activity, during prolonged hyperbaric exposure.
Informs future revisions of caisson safety regulations and occupational health guidelines for hyperbaric environments.