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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 26, 2026

Recording Single Neurons' Action Potentials from Freely Moving Pigeons Across Three Stages of Learning

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Published on: June 2, 2014

Pigeons do not complete partly occluded figures

A B Sekuler¹, J A Lee, S J Shettleworth

¹Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, ON, Canada.

|January 1, 1996

Summary

Pigeons do not demonstrate perceptual completion, the ability to mentally fill in missing parts of objects. This finding suggests limits in the generalizability of this visual perception mechanism across species.

Area of Science:

Cognitive psychology
Comparative cognition
Animal vision

Background:

Object perception is challenged by occlusion, where parts of objects are hidden.
Humans and some mammals exhibit perceptual completion, mentally restoring occluded object parts.
Understanding the evolutionary basis of perceptual completion requires testing diverse species.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate whether perceptual completion extends to a nonmammalian species, the pigeon (Columba livia).
To explore the limits of generalizability for perceptual completion mechanisms.

Main Methods:

Pigeons were presented with two-dimensional representations of partly occluded objects.
Their responses were analyzed to determine if they exhibited completion behavior.

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Main Results:

Pigeons did not demonstrate perceptual completion of partly occluded figures.
This indicates a failure to mentally restore missing object segments.

Conclusions:

Perceptual completion is not a universal visual mechanism across all animal species.
The capacity for perceptual completion may be limited to specific evolutionary lineages, such as mammals.