Efficacy of a peptide-based gene delivery system depends on mitotic activity

We have developed and tested a transfection compound based on synthetic peptides. It consists of a 12 amino acid DNA binding peptide (P2) with an alkyl group added to the aminoterminus (P2lip) and a peptide derived from the hemagglutinin protein (HA). The components aggregate spontaneously to particles that proved to be an efficient, easy to use and chemically stable transfection compound. With this system we found a marked correlation between transfection efficiency and mitotic activity. Cells that are allowed to perform a mitosis after exposure to either DNA-P2lip/HA or DNA-cationic liposome complexes are transfected much more efficiently than cells arrested in the cell cycle. In search of an explanation for this phenomenon we studied transport of plasmid DNA across the nuclear membrane. Plasmid DNA injected into the cytoplasm of quiescent human fibroblasts is not expressed, in contrast to DNA injected into the nucleus. FISH analysis showed that the plasmid DNA is not transported into the nucleus efficiently. Similarly, DNA-P2lip/HA complexes are readily taken up by both proliferating and nonproliferating cells, but do not readily penetrate the nuclear membrane. We conclude that delivery of plasmid DNA to the cytoplasm is not sufficient for transfection of eukaryotic cells. The nuclear membrane is apparently an important barrier. This explains why a mitotic event is required for efficient transfection with the currently available transfection systems. The implications for the further development of transfection compounds for use in vivo, where nonproliferating cells are often the target, are discussed.