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Virus-induced autoimmune disease

M G von Herrath1, M B Oldstone

  • 1Scripps Research Institute, Department of Neuropharmacology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.

Current Opinion in Immunology
|December 1, 1996
PubMed
Summary

Viruses can trigger autoimmune diseases by breaking self-tolerance, leading to autoreactive lymphocyte activation. Research uses transgenic models to understand how viral infections cause autoimmunity and develop new immunotherapies.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Virology
  • Pathogenesis

Background:

  • Autoimmune diseases arise from the loss of self-tolerance and activation of autoreactive lymphocytes.
  • The exact mechanisms triggering this loss of tolerance are largely unknown.
  • Viral infections are suspected etiological factors, alongside genetic predisposition and cytokine activity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the mechanisms by which viral infections can break self-tolerance.
  • To explore the role of viral components and host factors in initiating autoimmune responses.
  • To utilize transgenic models for studying virus-induced autoimmunity and developing immunotherapies.

Main Methods:

  • Employing transgenic murine models where viral genes are expressed as self-antigens in specific tissues (e.g., pancreatic beta cells).
  • Analyzing the development of autoimmune disease (e.g., insulin-dependent diabetes) following viral infection, cytokine release (IFN-gamma), or costimulatory molecule (B7.1) expression.
  • Investigating the process of molecular mimicry in the context of viral autoimmunity.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated that viral gene expression as a self-antigen in pancreatic beta cells can precipitate autoimmune diabetes in transgenic mice.
  • Showed that viral infection, IFN-gamma, or B7.1 expression can trigger autoimmune responses in this model.
  • Provided insights into the pathogenesis of virus-induced autoimmune diseases.

Conclusions:

  • Viral infections can initiate autoimmune disease by disrupting self-tolerance through mechanisms like molecular mimicry.
  • Transgenic models are valuable tools for dissecting the pathogenesis of virus-induced autoimmunity.
  • These studies advance the development and testing of novel immunotherapeutic strategies for autoimmune conditions.

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