Nonphosphorylatable tyrosine surrogates. Implications for protein kinase inhibitor design

Tyrosine-specific protein kinases are known to utilize short synthetic tyrosine-containing peptides as substrates and, as a consequence, a number of inhibitory peptides have been prepared by replacing the tyrosine moiety in these peptides with a nonphosphorylatable phenylalanine residue. Unfortunately, the inhibitory efficacy of these phenylalanine-based peptides is often disappointing. These results demonstrate the need for nonphosphorylatable tyrosine surrogates that enhance enzyme affinity. As a consequence, we prepared nearly two dozen different phenethylamine derivatives, attached them to the C terminus of an active site-directed peptide (Glu-Glu-Leu-Leu), and examined their effectiveness as inhibitors of pp60(c-)src. Three derivatives exhibit enhanced inhibitory activity (relative to phenethylamine), including para-substituted sulfonamide and guanidino analogs as well as a pentafluoro-containing species. The para-sulfonamide derivative was selected for further study and was found to function as a competitive inhibitor versus variable peptide substrate and as a noncompetitive inhibitor versus variable ATP. In short, the enhanced inhibitory activity of the sulfonamide derivative is not due to the association of this moiety with the ATP binding site. Furthermore, peptides containing the para-guanidino and pentafluoro derivatives of phenylalanine were prepared. These species also display enhanced inhibitory activity toward pp60(c-)src relative to the corresponding phenylalanine-based peptide.