Hyaluronan (hyaluronic acid) in human saliva

Hyaluronan (hyaluronic acid) is a glycosaminoglycan that functions as a constituent of ground substance, a mediator of cell proliferation and would healing, and that plays a prominent part in tumorigenesis as well as in embryogenesis. Its presence and possible role in saliva has been subjected to little study. Unstimulated and stimulated pure parotid and mixed saliva was obtained from 10 volunteers. The protein content of the samples was assayed and the hyaluronan concentration was evaluated by means of an enzyme immunosorbent-like assay using a hyaluronan-binding peptide. Stimulated whole saliva had the highest protein content (mean 1.26 mg/ml) followed by unstimulated parotid saliva (1.15 mg/ml), stimulated parotid saliva (0.95 mg/ml) and unstimulated whole saliva (0.93 mg/ml). Absolute hyaluronan concentrations were highest in unstimulated whole saliva (mean 459.2 ng (nanograms)/ml), and lowest in stimulated parotid saliva (82.7 ng/ml). When hyaluronan concentrations are expressed as ng/mg of protein, the highest are in the unstimulated whole saliva (mean 477.5 ng/mg protein) followed by stimulated parotid saliva (229.7 ng/mg), unstimulated parotid saliva (179.6 ng/mg) and stimulated whole saliva (159.9 ng/mg). There are wide variations in the levels of hyaluronan in human saliva depending on the type of saliva and the conditions at the time of collection. Regulation of hyaluronan metabolism represents an intricate balance between production and degradation, and it is unclear whether elevated concentrations of hyaluronan in response to tissue proliferation, regeneration or repair. The hyaluronan may contribute to the healing properties of saliva, assisting in protecting the oral mucosa and adding to the lubricating properties of saliva.