A mechanism for discharge of charged excitatory neurotransmitter

Excitatory neurotransmitter is charged, so that emptying of a transmitter-containing vesicle (discharge) would seem to require considerable energy. Even if the energy problem is surmounted and discharge thereby made possible, there is still a problem of making the discharge fast enough (considerably less than 1 ms). Proposed here is a mechanism wherein discharge of charged transmitter is accompanied by the influx of cocharged ions or coefflux of counter-charged particles (ion interchange). It is shown theoretically that ion interchange obviates the necessity for a separate energy source and can provide the observed rapid vesicle discharge.