Mother-to-child transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1

A great deal of progress has been made in our understanding of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1. Standardization of case definitions and transmission rate calculation methodologies, and a broader array of diagnostic options for detection of infant HIV-1 infection, will enhance our ability to evaluate and compare cohorts worldwide. In the next decade, several intervention studies should be completed. Carefully designed intervention studies have the potential both to determine which interventions are effective as well as to add to our understanding of vertical transmission of HIV-1. Regional differences in vertical transmission rates reflect a variety of viral, host, and obstetric factors. Intervention strategies will probably need to be regionally designed, taking into consideration these factors. Further research on timing and correlates of vertical transmission is necessary to determine the extent to which specific clinical trials can be extrapolated to public health policy.