Fluorescence properties of pteridine nucleoside analogs as monomers and incorporated into oligonucleotides

Eighteen fluorescent pteridine-based nucleoside analogs have been prepared that are suitable for synthesis as phosphormidites and site-specific incorporation into oligonucleotides. Their quantum yields ranged from < or = 0.03 to 0.88. The maximum excitation and emission wavelenghts of seven selected probes with quantum yields > 0.15 ranged from 334 to 358 and 400 to 444 nm, respectively. Fluorescence decay curves of the seven probes were biexponential, and the mean intensity-weighted lifetimes ranged from 0.87 to 6.54 ns. Incorporation of probes 4 and 17 (3-methylisoxanthopterin and 6-methylisoxanthopterin) into oligonucleotides significantly quenched their fluorescence signal, and the degree of quench correlated with the number and proximity of purines in the oligonucleotide. Incorporation also resulted in a shift in absorbance-, emission-, and decay-associated spectra for 6-methylisoxanthopterin. An increase in the complexity of the decay curve and a decrease in the mean lifetime occurred for both probes. Formation of double-stranded oligonucleotides did not substantially increase the degree of quenching but generally increased the complexity of decay curves and decreased the mean lifetimes. Melting temperature, Tm, depression equivalent to that of a single base pair mismatch was observed in 3-methylisoxanthopterin-containing double-stranded oligonucleotides, while the Tm of 6-methylisoxanthopterin-containing double-stranded oligonucleotides were unperturbed, e.g., equivalent to unlabeled double-stranded oligonucleotides. This new class of fluorophore yields promising probes for the study of protein/DNA interactions.